Etiology Of Anxiety, Mood And Distruptive Behavior Disor

这是一项关于情绪在青春期精神病理学发展中的作用的生物行为纵向调查。重点是(A)负面情绪(愤怒、焦虑、悲伤)在精神病理学发展中的作用，以及(B)导致情绪失调和紊乱的社会化经历和生物过程。情绪的失调体验和表达与外化(反社会模式)和内化(焦虑、抑郁情绪)障碍有关。青春期是这些疾病发展的关键时刻。在此期间，精神病的发病率增加，临床问题在性别上变得更加不同，即男性的反社会行为更多，女性的焦虑和抑郁更多。研究了三个水平(正常、亚临床和临床)并存的外化和内化问题的青少年。年轻人的年龄从11岁到16岁不等，出现在两个时间点上，相隔两年。对同等数量的男性和女性进行研究，以检查症状、情绪调节和疾病表现方式的性别差异的病因学。使用了多方法、多受访者的方法。时间1包括生理和神经激素功能(ANS，HPA)，青年和家庭的行为观察，实验范式，结构化的心理访谈和问卷调查。时间2的结果基于访谈和问卷调查方法。对于样本的一个子集(60名青年)，所有时间重复1000次，并增加了一项新的测量(情绪Stroop测试)来检查临床组中情绪词的信息加工偏差。两个时间点的数据收集都已完成，所有数据文件都已建立。 下面介绍最近的三个项目。(1)Time 1分析侧重于个体症状差异与青春期发育、神经心理功能、情感风格、应对、生理反应和社交的关系。最近的研究结果表明，皮质醇(HPA功能的指标)与男性和女性体验和应对压力的方式存在差异。男性和女性的情绪和行为问题的不同关系模式也被确定为睾酮和脱氢表雄酮。(2)一个基于Time 2数据和情绪Stroop测验的项目发现了儿童内化和外化问题的信息加工偏差。根据母亲和青年报告、青年报告，外化问题独特地预测了与愤怒有关的词语的潜伏期更长，但与焦虑有关的词语的潜伏期并不更长。相反，内化问题往往表现出相反的关系。这项研究表明，提高对个人相关和具有挑战性的刺激的认识和反应可能有助于理解青少年情绪和行为问题的具体性质。(3)对问题的连续性和随时间变化的预测的第一次分析强调了自尊、应对方式和焦虑和抑郁之间的联系。男性比女性表现出更高的自尊，而女性表现出更多的沉思应对和焦虑。自尊较高的年轻人(无论男女)较少表现出沉思的应对方式，焦虑和抑郁症状也较少。自尊和精神症状之间的联系的性质部分地被解释为青少年也参与反思性应对的程度。未来的纵向分析现在将检查生物和环境因素，这些因素导致精神症状和心理问题随着时间的推移而增加、减少、转移和缺乏变化。当这些纵向分析完成后，它们将有助于阐明影响青少年男性和女性精神病理学表现形式的生物因素和社会化经历之间的相互作用。

This is a biobehavioral, longitudinal investigation of the role of emotion in the development of psychopathology in adolescence. The focus is on (a) the role of negative emotions (anger, anxiety, sadness) in the development of psychopathology, and (b) socialization experiences and biological processes that contribute to emotion dysregulation and disorder. The dysregulated experience and expression of emotion is implicated in both externalizing (antisocial patterns) and internalizing (anxiety, depressed mood) disorders. Adolescence is a critical juncture in the development of these disorders. The incidence of psychopathology increases during this time period, and clinical problems become more differentiated along gender lines, i.e. more antisocial behavior in males and more anxiety and depression in females. Adolescents with three levels of (normal, subclinical and clinical) comorbid externalizing and internalizing problems are studied. Youth range in age from 11 to 16 years and are seen at two time points, spaced two years apart. Equal numbers of males and females are studied in order to examine etiology of sex differences in symptoms, emotion regulation, and developmental changes in how disorders manifested. A multi-method, multi-respondent approach is used. Time 1 includes physiological and and neurohormonal functioning (ANS, HPA), behavioral observations of youth and family, experimental paradigms, structured psychatric interviews and questionnaires. Time 2 outcomes are based on interview and questionnaire methods. For a subset of the sample (60 youth)all of the Time 1 procedures were repeated and a new measure (Emotional Stroop Test) added to examine information processing biases for emotional words in clinical groups. Data collection has been completed for both time points and all data files have been constructed. Three recent projects are described below. (1) Time 1 analyses focus on relations between individual differences in symptoms and pubertal development, neuropsychological functioning, affective styles, coping, physiological reactivity and socialization at Time 1. Recent findings indicate that cortisol (an index of HPA function) is differentially related to how males and females experience and cope with stress. Different patterns of relations for emotional and behavioral problems of males and females also were identified for testosterone and DHEA. (2) A project based on Time 2 data and using the Emotional Stroop Test has identified information processing biases in children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Based on both mother and youth reports, youth reports, externalizing problems uniquely predicted longer latencies to anger-related words but not to anxiety-related words. Conversely, internalizing problems tended to show the opposite relations. This work suggests that increased awareness of, and reaction to, personally relevant and challenging stimuli may help to understand the specific nature of adolescents' emotional and behavioral problems. (3) The first analyses to examine prediction of continuity and change in problems over time have emphasized the links between self-esteem, coping style, and anxiety and depression. Males showed higher self esteem than females, while females showed more ruminative coping and anxiety. Youth (both males and females) with high self-esteem showed less ruminative coping and fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression. The nature of the associations between self-esteem and psychiatric symptoms was explained, in part, by the extent to which adolescents also engaged in ruminative coping. Future longitudinal analyses now will examine biological and environmental factors that contribute to increases, decreases, shifts, and lack of change in psychiatric symptoms and psychological problems over time. When these longitudinal analyses are completed they will help to illuminate the interaction of biological factors and socialization experiences that influence the form of expression of psychopathology in adolescent males and females.