Etiology of anxiety, mood and distruptive behavior disorders in adolescence

这是一项关于情绪在青少年精神病理发展中的作用的生物行为纵向调查。重点是(a)负面情绪的多个组成部分（愤怒、焦虑、悲伤）在精神病理学演变中的作用，以及(b)导致情绪失调和障碍的社会化经历和生物过程。情绪的失调体验和表达与外化（反社会模式）和内化（焦虑、抑郁情绪）障碍都有关系。青春期是这些疾病发展的关键时期。在这段时间内，精神病理的发病率增加，临床问题的性别差异更大，即男性有更多的反社会行为，女性有更多的焦虑和抑郁。研究对象分为四组：(1)外化和内化问题共病，(2)外化问题，(3)内化问题，(4)无症状。青少年的年龄范围从11岁到16岁，在两个时间点进行研究，间隔两年。研究了相同数量的男性和女性，以检查症状、情绪调节和疾病表现的发育变化的性别差异的病因。在过去的一年中，完成了时间1的数据收集。这一年将花在(a)基于时间1的数据编码、分析和准备文章发表，以及(b)收集时间2的数据进行纵向分析。一篇关于神经内分泌对压力的反应的文章已被接受发表。观察到皮质醇的特征日模式：上午晚些时候显著下降，下午晚些时候进一步下降。在风险组和对照组中，男性和女性都出现了这种下降。在焦虑诱导任务中，皮质醇水平的增加只出现在内化女孩身上。考虑到成年抑郁症的强烈性别差异（女性更高）始于青春期，这表明可能存在生理基础，这一点很有趣。

This is a biobehavioral, longitudinal investigation of the role of emotion in the development of psychopathology in adolescence. The focus is on (a) the role of multiple components of negative emotions (anger, anxiety, sadness) in the evolution of psychopathology, and (b) socialization experiences and biological processes that contribute to emotion dysregulation and disorder. The dysregulated experience and expression of emotion is implicated in both externalizing (antisocial patterns) and internalizing (anxiety, depressed mood) disorders. Adolescence is a critical juncture in the development of these disorders. The incidence of psychopathology increases during this time period, and clinical problems become more differentiated along gender lines, i.e. more antisocial behavior in males and more anxiety and depression in females. Four groups of youths are studied: (1)comorbid externalizing and internalizing problems, (2)externalizing problems, (3) internalizing problems, and (4) asymptomatic. Youth range in age from 11 to 16 years and are studied at two time points, spaced two years apart. Equal numbers of males and females are studied in order to examine etiology of sex differences in symptoms, emotion regulation, and developmental changes in how disorders manifested. During the past year data collection was completed for Time 1. This year will be spent (a) coding, analyzing, and preparing articles for publication based on Time 1 data, and (b) collecting the Time 2 data for longitudinal analyses. One article on neuroendocrine responses to stress has been accepted for publication. Characteristic diurnal patterns for cortisol were observed: there was a marked drop by late morning and a further reduction by late afternoon. These decrements were present for both males and females in risk and control groups. During an anxiety induction task, increases in cortisol levels were seen only in internalizing girls. This is of interest, given that the strong sex differences in adult depression (higher in females)begin in adolescence, suggesting a possible physiological substrate.