Etiology Of Anxiety, Mood And Distruptive Behavior Disor

这是一项关于情绪在青春期精神病理学发展中的作用的生物行为纵向调查。重点是（a）消极情绪（愤怒、焦虑、悲伤）的多种成分在精神病理学演变中的作用，以及（B）导致情绪失调和紊乱的社会化经历和生物学过程。情绪的失调体验和表达与外化（反社会模式）和内化（焦虑，抑郁情绪）障碍有关。青春期是这些疾病发展的关键时刻。在这一时期，精神病理学的发病率增加，临床问题沿着性别线变得更加分化，即男性的反社会行为更多，女性的焦虑和抑郁更多。研究了四组青年：（1）共病的外部化和内部化问题，（2）外部化问题，（3）内部化问题，和（4）无症状。青年的年龄从11岁到16岁不等，在两个时间点进行研究，间隔两年。同样数量的男性和女性进行了研究，以检查症状，情绪调节，以及如何表现出障碍的发展变化的性别差异的病因。下面总结了目前四个项目的结果，这些项目的重点是在数据收集的第一时间点预测青年的功能。(1)男性和女性在神经激素模式和精神病理学之间的关系方面存在差异。有更多焦虑抑郁问题和注意力问题的男孩，睾丸激素水平较低，他们的睾丸激素水平在一天中下降得更慢。有破坏性行为问题的女孩一天中睾丸激素的分泌会急剧下降。(2)性别缓和许多显着的心理病理学（内化和外化的问题）和情感和心脏反应之间的关联。女孩的内在问题（焦虑和抑郁）与更大的血压反应有关。外化问题与收缩压反应性降低有关，尤其是男孩。(3)男性和女性的情绪和自我概念的差异有助于解释他们的差异风险的外化和内化的问题，分别。男性在整体自我价值、运动能力、外表和浪漫吸引力方面比女性更看好自己，尽管他们认为自己表现得不太好。女性比男性表现出更多的内疚和羞愧，她们更多地陷入沉思。沉思是指个人持续关注抑郁症状，而不采取任何行动来减轻痛苦，从而导致抑郁情绪的持续和自尊的下降。(4)基于性别的精神病理学模式可以与性别角色和情感社会化经验联系起来。年轻人的男性气质与很少的内在问题有关，女性气质与很少的外在问题有关。性别角色与父母的惩罚，忽视和情绪化（以及缺乏讨论，同情和分心）在青少年的负面情绪是强大的预测精神症状。这些研究强调了研究影响青少年男性和女性精神病理学表达形式的生物因素和社会化经历的重要性。

This is a biobehavioral, longitudinal investigation of the role of emotion in the development of psychopathology in adolescence. The focus is on (a) the role of multiple components of negative emotions (anger, anxiety, sadness) in the evolution of psychopathology, and (b) socialization experiences and biological processes that contribute to emotion dysregulation and disorder. The dysregulated experience and expression of emotion is implicated in both externalizing (antisocial patterns) and internalizing (anxiety, depressed mood) disorders. Adolescence is a critical juncture in the development of these disorders. The incidence of psychopathology increases during this time period, and clinical problems become more differentiated along gender lines, i.e. more antisocial behavior in males and more anxiety and depression in females.Four groups of youths are studied: (1) comorbid externalizing and internalizing problems, (2) externalizing problems, (3) internalizing problems, and (4) asymptomatic. Youth range in age from 11 to 16 years and are studied at two time points, spaced two years apart. Equal numbers of males and females are studied in order to examine etiology of sex differences in symptoms, emotion regulation, and developmental changes in how disorders manifested. Findings from four current projects that focus on predictors of functioning of youth at the first time point of data collection are summarized next. (1) Males and females differ in relations between neurohormonal patterns and psychopathology. Boys with more anxiety-depression problems, and attention problems, have lower levels of testosterone, and their testosterone levels decreased more slowly across the day. Girls with more disruptive behavior problems display a steep decline in testosterone production across the day. (2) Gender moderates many significant associations between psychopathology (internalizing and externalizing problems) and affective and cardiac reactivity. Internalizing problems (anxiety and depression) in girls are associated with greater blood pressure reactivity. Externalizing problems are associated with less systolic blood pressure reactivity, especially for boys. (3) Differences in emotions and self-concepts of males and females help to explain their differential risk for externalizing and internalizing problems, respectively. Males view themselves more favorably than females on global self-worth, athletic competence, physical appearance, and romantic appeal despite rating themselves as less well behaved. Females show more guilt and shame than males, and they engage in more ruminative coping. Rumination refers to the individual’s persistent focus on depressive symptoms, without taking any action to reduce the distress, thereby contributing to continuation of depressed mood and diminished self-esteem. (4) Gender-based patterns of psychopathology can be linked to sex-roles and emotion socialization experiences. Masculinity in youth is associated with few internalizing problems, and femininity is associated with few externalizing problems. Sex roles in conjunction with parental punishment, neglect, and emotionality (as well as lack of discussion, empathy, and distraction) in response adolescents’ negative emotions are powerful predictors of psychiatric symptoms. These studies highlight the importance of studying both biological factors and socialization experiences that influence the form of expression of psychopathology in adolescent males and females.