Adolescence: Anxiety, Mood and Behavior Disorders

青春期：焦虑、情绪和行为障碍

• 批准号: 6980363
• 负责人: Carolyn Zahn-Waxler
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6980363
• 关键词: adolescence (12-20); anxiety; anxiety disorders; behavioral /social science research tag; child behavior disorders; child psychology; comorbidity; coping; cortisol; disease /disorder etiology; disease /disorder onset; disease /disorder proneness /risk; emotions; family structure /dynamics; gender difference; hormone regulation /control mechanism; human subject; interview; longitudinal human study; mood disorders; patient oriented research; psychopathology; questionnaires; socializations; stress

This is a biobehavioral, longitudinal investigation of the role of emotion in the development of psychopathology in adolescence. The focus is on (a) the role of negative emotions in the development of psychopathology, and (b) socialization experiences and biological processes that contribute to emotion dysregulation and disorder. The dysregulated experience and expression of emotion is implicated in both externalizing (antisocial patterns) and internalizing (anxiety, depressed mood) disorders. Adolescence is a critical juncture in the development of these disorders. The incidence of psychopathology increases during this time period, and clinical problems become more differentiated along gender lines. Adolescents with comorbid externalizing and internalizing problems ranging from normal to subclinical to clinical levels are studied. Youth range in age from 11 to 16 years and are seen at two time points, spaced two years apart. Equal numbers of males and females are studied in order to examine etiology of sex differences in symptoms, emotion regulation, and developmental changes in how disorders manifested. A multi-method, multi-respondent approach is used. Time 1 includes physiological and and neurohormonal functioning (ANS, HPA), behavioral observations of youth and family, experimental paradigms, structured psychatric interviews and questionnaires. Time 2 outcomes are based on interview and questionnaire methods. Data collection has been completed for both time points and all data files have been constructed. Current projects are described below. (1) One focus of study is on socialization influences. In one report, parenting practices that were unsupportive or that magnified the adolescents? emotions were associated with heightened rumination, a practice known to predict subsequent depressive episodes. Female relative to male adolescents were a particular risk for developing ruminative response styles that may lead to more depression. Another report found differences in how parents socialize emotions in their daughters and sons, as well as differences in how mothers and fathers respond to their adolescents? emotions. Fathers were more likely than mothers to adhere to sex-stereotyped methods of socialization, e.g. attempting to suppress emotion in sons. Parents were more likely to encourage expression of all negative emotions (e.g. fear, sadness, anger), in their daughters than sons. Parents of youth with emotional and behavioral problems were the most likely to be punitive and dismissive of their children?s emotions. (2) Another focus of the study emphasizes neurohormonal and other physiological (ANS activity) characteristics of youth who vary in risk for emotional and behavioral problems. One report indicates relations between subjective emotion and cardiovascular measures during mood induction procedures; also finding, however, that youth with more problems were particularly likely to show de-coupling of subjective and physiological arousal. This may point to a system of affect dysregulation that compromises adaptive functioning. A second report examines relations between stress, coping, and cortisol?s diurnal rhythm and declivity in response to social challenge comparing low and high-risk adolescents. The diurnal rhythm was theoretically informative for understanding high-risk girls and boys, regardless of risk, whereas declivity in low-risk girls primarily informed ideas about cortisol regulation in relation to stress and coping. Cortisol levels were related to suicidality in high-risk boys and high-risk girls only, and patterns differed according to sex of child. Three empirical manuscripts based on current findings are under editorial review. Ongoing longitudinal analyses examine the contributions of these environmental and biological factors to different developmental trajectories (i.e. increases, decreases, shifts, and lack of change in psychiatric symptoms annd psychological problems over time). Such analyses can help to illuminate the interaction of biological factors and socialization experiences that influence the form of expression of psychopathology in adolescent males and females. This is a final report.

这是一项关于情绪在青春期精神病理学发展中的作用的生物行为纵向调查。重点是（a）消极情绪在精神病理学发展中的作用，以及（B）有助于情绪失调和障碍的社会化经历和生物过程。情绪的失调体验和表达与外化（反社会模式）和内化（焦虑，抑郁情绪）障碍有关。青春期是这些疾病发展的关键时刻。在此期间，精神病理学的发病率增加，临床问题沿着性别线变得更加分化。从正常到亚临床到临床水平的共病外化和内化问题的青少年进行了研究。青年的年龄从11岁到16岁不等，在两个时间点观察，间隔两年。同样数量的男性和女性进行了研究，以检查症状，情绪调节，以及如何表现出障碍的发展变化的性别差异的病因。采用了多方法、多答复办法。时间1包括生理和神经激素功能（ANS，HPA），青年和家庭的行为观察，实验范式，结构化的心理访谈和问卷调查。时间2结果基于访谈和问卷调查方法。已完成两个时间点的数据收集，并构建了所有数据文件。 现将目前的项目介绍如下。(1)研究的重点之一是社会化的影响。在一份报告中，父母的做法是不支持或放大青少年？情绪与高度的沉思有关，这种行为可以预测随后的抑郁发作。女性相对于男性青少年是一个特殊的风险，发展沉思的反应风格，可能会导致更多的抑郁症。另一份报告发现，父母在女儿和儿子的情感社会化方面存在差异，父母对青少年的反应也存在差异。情绪父亲比母亲更有可能坚持性别定型的社会化方法，例如，试图抑制儿子的情绪。父母更有可能鼓励表达所有的负面情绪（如恐惧，悲伤，愤怒），在他们的女儿比儿子。有情绪和行为问题的年轻人的父母最有可能惩罚和轻视他们的孩子？的情感。(2)研究的另一个重点是强调神经激素和其他生理（ANS活动）特征的青年谁在情绪和行为问题的风险不同。一份报告指出，在情绪诱导过程中，主观情绪和心血管指标之间存在关系;然而，还发现，问题较多的青少年特别可能表现出主观和生理唤醒的解耦。这可能指向一个影响适应功能的情感失调系统。第二份报告探讨了压力，应对和皮质醇之间的关系？的昼夜节律和下降，以应对社会的挑战比较低和高风险的青少年。昼夜节律在理论上为了解高风险的女孩和男孩提供了信息，无论风险如何，而低风险女孩的下降主要是关于皮质醇调节与压力和应对的想法。皮质醇水平仅与高危男孩和高危女孩的自杀行为相关，且模式因儿童性别而异。根据目前的调查结果的三个经验手稿正在编辑审查。正在进行的纵向分析检查这些环境和生物因素对不同发展轨迹的贡献（即随着时间的推移，精神症状和心理问题的增加，减少，变化和缺乏变化）。这样的分析可以帮助照亮的生物因素和社会化的经验，影响青少年男性和女性的精神病理学的表达形式的相互作用。这是最终报告。