Adolescence: Anxiety, Mood and Behavior Disorders

这是一项关于情绪在青春期精神病理学发展中的作用的生物行为纵向调查。重点是(A)负面情绪在精神病理学发展中的作用，以及(B)导致情绪失调和紊乱的社会化经历和生物过程。情绪的失调体验和表达与外化(反社会模式)和内化(焦虑、抑郁情绪)障碍有关。青春期是这些疾病发展的关键时刻。在这段时间里，精神病的发病率增加了，临床问题在性别上变得更加不同。研究范围从正常到亚临床到临床水平的外在性和内在性问题并存的青少年。年轻人的年龄从11岁到16岁不等，出现在两个时间点上，相隔两年。对同等数量的男性和女性进行研究，以检查症状、情绪调节和疾病表现方式的性别差异的病因学。使用了多方法、多受访者的方法。时间1包括生理和神经激素功能(ANS，HPA)，青年和家庭的行为观察，实验范式，结构化的心理访谈和问卷调查。时间2的结果基于访谈和问卷调查方法。两个时间点的数据收集都已完成，所有数据文件都已建立。 目前的项目如下所述。(1)研究的重点之一是社会化的影响。在一份报告中，不支持或放大青少年的育儿做法？情绪与高度的沉思有关，这种做法被认为可以预测随后的抑郁发作。相对于男性青少年，女性是形成反省反应风格的特别风险，这可能会导致更多的抑郁。另一份报告发现，父母在女儿和儿子的情感社交方式上存在差异，父母对青少年的反应也存在差异。感情。父亲比母亲更有可能坚持性别刻板印象的社会化方法，例如试图压抑儿子的情绪。与儿子相比，父母更有可能鼓励女儿表达所有的负面情绪(如恐惧、悲伤、愤怒)。有情绪和行为问题的青少年的父母最有可能惩罚和轻视自己的孩子--S情绪。(2)研究的另一个重点是强调情绪和行为问题风险不同的年轻人的神经激素和其他生理(ANS)活动特征。一份报告指出了情绪诱导过程中主观情绪和心血管指标之间的关系；然而，也发现问题更多的年轻人特别可能表现出主观和生理唤醒的脱钩。这可能指向一种影响适应性功能的情感失调系统。第二份报告调查了压力、应对和皮质醇之间的关系？S在应对社会挑战方面的昼夜节律和倾斜度，比较了低风险青少年和高风险青少年。从理论上讲，昼夜节律有助于理解高风险女孩和男孩，而不考虑风险，而低风险女孩的下降主要是了解与压力和应对有关的皮质醇调节的想法。皮质醇水平只与高危男孩和高危女孩的自杀有关，而且模式根据儿童的性别而不同。基于当前调查结果的三份经验手稿正在进行编辑审查。正在进行的纵向分析检查这些环境和生物因素对不同发展轨迹的贡献(即，精神症状和心理问题随着时间的增加、减少、转移和缺乏变化)。这样的分析有助于阐明影响青少年男性和女性精神病理学表现形式的生物因素和社会化经历之间的相互作用。这是一份最终报告。

This is a biobehavioral, longitudinal investigation of the role of emotion in the development of psychopathology in adolescence. The focus is on (a) the role of negative emotions in the development of psychopathology, and (b) socialization experiences and biological processes that contribute to emotion dysregulation and disorder. The dysregulated experience and expression of emotion is implicated in both externalizing (antisocial patterns) and internalizing (anxiety, depressed mood) disorders. Adolescence is a critical juncture in the development of these disorders. The incidence of psychopathology increases during this time period, and clinical problems become more differentiated along gender lines. Adolescents with comorbid externalizing and internalizing problems ranging from normal to subclinical to clinical levels are studied. Youth range in age from 11 to 16 years and are seen at two time points, spaced two years apart. Equal numbers of males and females are studied in order to examine etiology of sex differences in symptoms, emotion regulation, and developmental changes in how disorders manifested. A multi-method, multi-respondent approach is used. Time 1 includes physiological and and neurohormonal functioning (ANS, HPA), behavioral observations of youth and family, experimental paradigms, structured psychatric interviews and questionnaires. Time 2 outcomes are based on interview and questionnaire methods. Data collection has been completed for both time points and all data files have been constructed. Current projects are described below. (1) One focus of study is on socialization influences. In one report, parenting practices that were unsupportive or that magnified the adolescents? emotions were associated with heightened rumination, a practice known to predict subsequent depressive episodes. Female relative to male adolescents were a particular risk for developing ruminative response styles that may lead to more depression. Another report found differences in how parents socialize emotions in their daughters and sons, as well as differences in how mothers and fathers respond to their adolescents? emotions. Fathers were more likely than mothers to adhere to sex-stereotyped methods of socialization, e.g. attempting to suppress emotion in sons. Parents were more likely to encourage expression of all negative emotions (e.g. fear, sadness, anger), in their daughters than sons. Parents of youth with emotional and behavioral problems were the most likely to be punitive and dismissive of their children?s emotions. (2) Another focus of the study emphasizes neurohormonal and other physiological (ANS activity) characteristics of youth who vary in risk for emotional and behavioral problems. One report indicates relations between subjective emotion and cardiovascular measures during mood induction procedures; also finding, however, that youth with more problems were particularly likely to show de-coupling of subjective and physiological arousal. This may point to a system of affect dysregulation that compromises adaptive functioning. A second report examines relations between stress, coping, and cortisol?s diurnal rhythm and declivity in response to social challenge comparing low and high-risk adolescents. The diurnal rhythm was theoretically informative for understanding high-risk girls and boys, regardless of risk, whereas declivity in low-risk girls primarily informed ideas about cortisol regulation in relation to stress and coping. Cortisol levels were related to suicidality in high-risk boys and high-risk girls only, and patterns differed according to sex of child. Three empirical manuscripts based on current findings are under editorial review. Ongoing longitudinal analyses examine the contributions of these environmental and biological factors to different developmental trajectories (i.e. increases, decreases, shifts, and lack of change in psychiatric symptoms annd psychological problems over time). Such analyses can help to illuminate the interaction of biological factors and socialization experiences that influence the form of expression of psychopathology in adolescent males and females. This is a final report.