Children's Exposure to Violence Over Space and Time

描述(由申请人提供)：拟议的研究旨在通过关注儿童在目睹和经历暴力时的时间和空间差异，以及童年暴力电视对生命过程的影响，促进对接触暴力的原因和后果的了解。它将使用芝加哥社区人类发展项目(PHDCN)为期6年的三波数据(第一波：1995-1996年，第二波：1998-1999年，第三波：2002-2002年)。PHDCN是一项多层次的研究，从芝加哥的80个社区中选择了7个年龄段的儿童和青年，按种族/民族(包括同质和异质组成)和社会经济状况(低、中和高)分层。为我们的研究选择的队列是在波I(N=3,323)时的6，9，12和15。测量了四种类型的教育电视：亲子身体攻击，夫妻间暴力，社区暴力，由主要照顾者和儿童评级，以及家庭和朋友自杀。儿童和青少年的主要结果包括情绪和行为问题、学习功能和过早过渡到成年。将同时考虑儿童及其家庭和社区的特点。我们的分析计划包括使用多水平模型，这非常适合于研究嵌套在家庭和社区中的儿童，以及纵向生长曲线和发展轨迹模型，它利用了多个时间点的数据。本研究有四个主要的研究目的：1)在多层次的分析(例如，邻里、家庭和个人)上测量儿童和青少年的ETV，并随时间动态变化；2)研究儿童和青少年中ETV的多层次相关性和原因；3)同时和纵向地考察ETV在儿童和青少年生活中的一系列后果；以及4)考察ETV对儿童和青少年结果的多水平背景和发展敏感的中介和调节因素。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The proposed study is designed to advance knowledge about the causes and consequences of exposure to violence (ETV) by focusing on temporal and spatial variation among children in witnessing and experiencing violence, and on the implications of childhood ETV over the life course. It will use three waves of data covering a 6-year period from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) (Wave I: 1995-1996, Wave II: 1998-1999, Wave III: 2002-2002). The PHDCN is a multilevel study in which 7 age cohorts of children and youth were selected from 80 Chicago neighborhoods stratified by race/ethnicity (including homogeneous and heterogeneous compositions) and SES (low, medium and high). The cohorts selected for our study were 6, 9, 12, and 15 at Wave I (N=3,323). Four types of ETV are measured: parent-child physical aggression, inter-spousal violence, violence in the community as rated by both primary caregivers and children, and family and friend suicidality. Focal child and youth outcomes include emotional and behavior problems, academic functioning, and premature transitions to adulthood. Characteristics of the children and their families and neighborhoods will be considered simultaneously. Our analytic plan includes the use of multilevel models, which are ideally suited to the study of children nested in families and neighborhoods, and longitudinal growth-curve and developmental trajectory models, which capitalize on data from multiple time points. The study has four main research aims: 1) to measure ETV in childhood and adolescence at multiple levels of analysis (e.g., neighborhood, family, and individual) and dynamically over time; 2) to examine multilevel correlates and causes of ETV in childhood and adolescence; 3) to examine a range of consequences of ETV in children's and adolescents' lives both concurrently and longitudinally; and 4) to examine multilevel contextually and developmentally sensitive mediators and moderators of ETV effects on child and adolescent outcomes.