Adolescent Peer Relations: Outcomes & Family Precursors

描述(由调查者提供)：这是一个竞争性的延续应用，旨在研究青少年在努力抵抗不良适应同伴压力的同时，仍在学习形成牢固的、支持性的同伴关系的发展和后果。这项调查扩展了有关青少年发展自主性和与父母关系的理论，以探索青少年在面对不适当的同龄人压力时努力表现出弹性(例如，与同龄人建立自主性)并形成适应性同伴关系时发生的平行过程，在三项概念受限的研究中： 研究1.同伴关系中自主性和关联性的发展。我们首先试图加深对同伴压力结构的理解，我们将其概念化为对青少年自主性的正常发生的威胁。我们将同伴压力与不威胁青少年自主性的其他形式的同伴影响区分开来，然后检验这一假设，即青少年在发展自主维持关系的同时避免压力关系的成功与否将预测整个青春期的社会适应水平。研究二：家庭互动作为发展同伴关系质量的预测因子。在这项研究中，我们解决了这样一个问题：家庭在多大程度上以及以什么方式充当青少年发展社交技能和期望的舞台，这将决定他们同伴互动的质量。我们还将研究同伴关系可以缓冲有问题的家庭互动对心理健康的负面影响的条件。同行过程与关键适应性结果的关系。在这项研究中，我们考虑了我们在前两项研究中观察和预测的发展中的同伴关系质量如何预测关键的适应性结果，包括与同伴的敌意、危险的性行为、外在问题、抑郁、社会孤立和难以建立成功的浪漫关系。我们使用密集的、观察性的和多个报告者的数据来解决这些问题，这些数据来自社会人口统计学上不同的最终样本，包括172名青少年、他们的父母和同龄人，青少年最终被跟踪调查，年龄从13岁到21岁。

DESCRIPTION (provided by investigator): This is a competing continuation application to study the development and consequences of adolescents' efforts to resist maladaptive peer pressure while still learning to form strong, supportive peer relationships. This investigation extends theories about adolescents' developing autonomy and relatedness with parents to explore parallel processes that occur as adolescents strive to demonstrate resiliency in the face of inappropriate peer pressure (e.g., establish autonomy with peers) and form adaptive peer relationships in three conceptually-bounded studies: Study I. Development of Autonomy and Relatedness in Peer Relationships. We first seek to sharpen our understanding of the construct of peer pressure, which we conceptualize as a normatively occurring threat to adolescent autonomy. We distinguish peer pressure from other forms of peer influence that do not threaten adolescent autonomy, and then test the hypothesis that adolescents' success vs. failure in avoiding pressuring relationships while developing autonomy maintaining relationships will predict levels of social adaptation across adolescence.Study II. Family Interactions As Predictors Of Developing Peer Relationship Qualities. In this study, we address the question: To what extent and in what ways does the family serve as a staging ground for the adolescent to develop social skills and expectations that will determine the quality of their peer interactions. We will also examine the conditions under which peer relationships may buffer the negative mental health effects of problematic family interactions.Study Ill. The Relation Of Peer Processes To Critical Adaptational Outcomes. In this study, we consider how the developing peer relationship qualities that we have observed and predicted in the first two studies predict critical adaptational outcomes including hostility with peers, risky sexual behavior, externalizing problems, depression, social isolation, and difficulty establishing successful romantic relationships. We address these questions using intensive, observational, and multiple-reporter data from a socio-demographically heterogeneous final sample of 172 adolescents, their parents, and peers, with adolescents ultimately being followed annually from ages 13 to 21.