Children's Exposure to Violence Over Space and Time

描述（由申请人提供）：拟议的研究旨在通过关注儿童目睹和经历暴力的时间和空间变化，以及儿童ETV对生命历程的影响，来提高对暴力暴露（ETV）的原因和后果的认识。它将使用来自芝加哥社区人类发展项目（PHDCN）的三波数据，涵盖6年期间（第一波：1995-1996年，第二波：1998-1999年，第三波：2002-2002年）。PHDCN是一项多水平研究，从芝加哥80个社区中选择了7个年龄组的儿童和青少年，按种族/民族（包括同质和异质成分）和社会经济地位（低、中、高）分层。我们的研究选择的队列在第一波为6、9、12和15 （N=3,323）。测量了四种类型的ETV：亲子身体攻击、配偶间暴力、由主要照顾者和儿童评定的社区暴力以及家庭和朋友自杀。焦点儿童和青少年的结果包括情绪和行为问题、学业功能和过早过渡到成年。将同时考虑儿童及其家庭和社区的特点。我们的分析计划包括使用多层模型，这非常适合研究家庭和社区中的儿童，以及纵向生长曲线和发展轨迹模型，这利用了来自多个时间点的数据。本研究有四个主要研究目标：1)在多个分析层面（如邻里、家庭和个人）动态测量儿童和青少年的ETV；2)检查儿童和青少年ETV的多层面相关因素和原因；3)研究电视对儿童和青少年生活的一系列影响，包括并发的和纵向的；4)研究教育电视对儿童和青少年结局的多重情境和发展敏感的中介和调节因子。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The proposed study is designed to advance knowledge about the causes and consequences of exposure to violence (ETV) by focusing on temporal and spatial variation among children in witnessing and experiencing violence, and on the implications of childhood ETV over the life course. It will use three waves of data covering a 6-year period from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) (Wave I: 1995-1996, Wave II: 1998-1999, Wave III: 2002-2002). The PHDCN is a multilevel study in which 7 age cohorts of children and youth were selected from 80 Chicago neighborhoods stratified by race/ethnicity (including homogeneous and heterogeneous compositions) and SES (low, medium and high). The cohorts selected for our study were 6, 9, 12, and 15 at Wave I (N=3,323). Four types of ETV are measured: parent-child physical aggression, inter-spousal violence, violence in the community as rated by both primary caregivers and children, and family and friend suicidality. Focal child and youth outcomes include emotional and behavior problems, academic functioning, and premature transitions to adulthood. Characteristics of the children and their families and neighborhoods will be considered simultaneously. Our analytic plan includes the use of multilevel models, which are ideally suited to the study of children nested in families and neighborhoods, and longitudinal growth-curve and developmental trajectory models, which capitalize on data from multiple time points. The study has four main research aims: 1) to measure ETV in childhood and adolescence at multiple levels of analysis (e.g., neighborhood, family, and individual) and dynamically over time; 2) to examine multilevel correlates and causes of ETV in childhood and adolescence; 3) to examine a range of consequences of ETV in children's and adolescents' lives both concurrently and longitudinally; and 4) to examine multilevel contextually and developmentally sensitive mediators and moderators of ETV effects on child and adolescent outcomes.