The English Catholic Community and Europe during the English Revolution, 1640-1660

该项目将评估英国革命如何影响英国天主教社区，通过研究它如何塑造其与天主教家庭，学院和宗教机构的跨渠道网络的互动。在这样做，我的研究将打破现有的奖学金（Aveling，1976年;普金斯，2010年），包括最近的一项研究由Eilish格雷戈里（2021年），其中主要研究了如何内战和空位影响了英国天主教社区只在英格兰。与此相反，本研究采取了跨国的方法来解决这个问题，反映了欧洲大陆的英语天主教生活的中心地位。非洲大陆是流亡者、朝圣者、僧侣和修女旅行和居住的安全天堂。最近的奖学金（赫夫顿，2008;钱伯斯，2017）强调，大陆英语学院，作为英国儿童的教育者和牧师的供应商，是天主教信仰和实践在近代早期英格兰生存的关键。这项研究将考虑如何利用社区的英语学院和其他大陆机构，以维持英语天主教生活在这一时期的严重破坏和困难。这包括询问英格兰社区的经济困难如何影响机构财务，这如何塑造他们的支持，例如其向英格兰提供牧师和英国僧侣的能力，以及用于减轻影响的策略。我将通过检查学院的日记，财务和出勤记录，以及天主教绅士，大学校长和神职人员之间的通信来做到这一点。本研究的第二部分将研究社区如何利用他们的跨国网络，经验和旅行参与内战和空档期的政治。这将建立在最近的史学趋势绘制出的政治机构的天主教徒，特别是步行者的研究中的作用流亡修女保皇党事业（2003年; 2012年）。这项研究将探讨如何修女作为渠道的情报只是一个更广泛的跨渠道网络的一部分，政治上有用的天主教个人，家庭，大学和神职人员。它将探讨他们支持保皇党事业的各种活动，并将考虑该社区独特的跨国特征，如其大陆机构，联系和丰富的旅行经验如何塑造这一点。这项研究将分析探视日记，天主教保皇派的颂词，以及机构和个人之间的信件，如玛丽Knatchbull，修道院院长在根特和奠定流亡者，如Marmaduke Langdale，以及与流亡英国法院的成员，如爱德华·海德爵士。这一部分旨在从根本上改变历史学家处理忏悔流动历史的方式。“信仰流动性”是最近在Liesbeth Corens（2019）的研究中开创的一个重要分析工具，该研究将宗教移民确定为多样化和动态的，而不是静态的流亡。通过探讨政治活动和跨国旅行之间的相互作用，本研究挑战目前主要是非政治的方法，并指出了进一步研究天主教和其他教派的流动性，反映了政治参与塑造宗教移民的重要性。

This project will assess how the English Revolution impacted the English Catholic community by examining how it shaped its interactions with its cross-channel networks of Catholic families, colleges and religious houses. In so doing, my study will break with existing scholarship (Aveling, 1976; Thompkins, 2010) including a recent study by Eilish Gregory (2021), which has mainly examined how the Civil War and Interregnum affected the English Catholic community in England only. In contrast, this study takes a transnational approach to this question which reflects the centrality of the continent to English Catholic life. The continent was a safe haven to travel and reside for lay exiles, pilgrims, monks and nuns. And recent scholarship (Hufton, 2008; Chambers, 2017) has stressed that the continental English colleges, as an educator of English children and supplier of priests, were key to the survival of Catholic belief and practice in early modern England. This study will consider how the community used its English colleges and other continental institutions to sustain English Catholic life in this period of acute disruption and hardship. This includes asking how the economic hardship of the community in England affected institutional finances, how this shaped their support, such as its ability supply priests to England and house English monks, and the strategies employed to mitigate the effects. I will do this through examining the Colleges' diaries, financial and attendance records, as well as correspondence between Catholic gentry, College rectors, and clergy.The second part of this study will examine how the community utilised their transnational networks, experience, and travel to participate in the politics of the Civil War and Interregnum. This will build upon the recent historiographical trend of drawing out the political agency of Catholics, particularly Walker's research on the role of exiled nuns in the Royalist cause (2003; 2012). This study will examine how the role of nuns as conduits for intelligence was only one part of a wider cross-channel network of politically useful Catholic individuals, families, colleges, and clergy. It will explore their various activities in support of the Royalist cause, and will consider how the community's distinctive transnational characteristics, such as its continental institutions, contacts and rich experience of travel shaped this. This study will analyse visitation diaries, panegyrics of Catholic Royalists, and the correspondence, both between institutions and individuals, such as Mary Knatchbull, abbess at Ghent and lay exiles such as Marmaduke Langdale, as well as with members of the exiled English Court, such as Sir Edward Hyde. This section aims to fundamentally change the way historians approach the history of confessional mobility. 'Confessional mobility' is an important analytical tool recently pioneered in the research of Liesbeth Corens (2019), which identifies religious migration as varied and dynamic rather than as a static exile. By exploring the interactions between political activities and transnational travel, this study challenges a currently largely apolitical approach, and points the way towards further research into Catholic and other confessional mobilities which reflects the importance of political engagement in shaping religious migration.