Male, Female or In-Between? The Science of Hermaphroditism in Spain, 1850-1960

至少自从奥维德在他的《变形记》第四卷中讲述了赫密士和阿芙罗狄蒂的故事以来，双性同体一直是西方着迷的主题。赫密士和阿芙罗狄蒂是理想男人和女人的化身，有一个儿子叫赫玛弗洛迪托斯。Hermphroditos也是一个完美的男人，但他与女神Salamacis的相遇，后者请求众神将她与男孩联合起来，导致了Hermphrodite，一个具有双性性或介于两者之间的地位的身体。这样的故事激发了西方文学和医学的想象力，因为它的吸引力/两个“对立面”在一个身体里的和谐结合/它奇妙或令人不安的性质/两性的混合，既不是一个也不是另一个，但可能预示着伟大的善或恶的到来。两性人作为一个奇妙的实体在西方的想象力中继续存在，自然哲学家和文学倡导者直到18世纪发生了深刻的变化。“真正的”人类两性人，实际上结合了不止一个性别，随着世俗化和科学的变化而慢慢失去了货币。从这一时期开始，人类就不可能出现真正的两性人，科学家们开始谈论“假两性人”，也就是似乎结合了两性的身体。从19世纪初开始，面对性别不明确的病例，医生们为鉴定真正的生物性别起草了分类法，通常是为了合法目的或允许结婚。他们没有将这些人中的大多数归类为真正的两性人，而是对性别之间的差异进行了分级，并允许在同一身体中结合每个性别的不同特征。在此基础上，将就该人的真实性别作出最后声明。因此，在假两性畸形的范畴下，如果个人被判定为主要是男性和女性假两性人，则可以被指定为男性假两性人，如果相反的情况是正确的。什么诊断方法允许医生识别身体的真实性别？如果以前的方法主要利用视觉和触觉作为通过检查外生殖器进行性别鉴定的主要工具，那么从19世纪初到19世纪中期，辅助鉴定的标准发生了变化，纳入了更广泛的特征，包括举止、多毛、声音的音色、乳房的存在和手势。从十九世纪末开始，新的诊断技术允许摘除卵巢和睾丸，并在显微镜下进行分析。通过这种方式，卵巢和睾丸，或性腺，成为决定性别的最重要的指标。然而，雌雄同体的科学并没有长久地依赖于性腺的性别鉴定。从20世纪20年代开始，随着“男性”和“女性”荷尔蒙的发现，内分泌学对真实性行为的描述占据了中心舞台。现在人们发现，身体的“真相”在于身体分泌的荷尔蒙，而不一定是性腺。然而，在20世纪30年代，人们证实在非两性的男性体内发现了一些以前被称为“女性”的荷尔蒙，反之亦然。在新的性别发展心理学理论的帮助下，性别截然不同和不相容的想法导致了性别是分级的，而不是严格区分的概念，各种因素/生殖器、性腺、荷尔蒙和心理/赋予了一个人真正的性别。正如可以看到的那样，医学阐明了不断变化的因素，以便宣布一个“双性人”的性别。这项研究项目集中在1850-1960年间西班牙是如何进行这些过程的，以评估这个国家是否遵循了其他广泛的欧洲性别诊断，从基于生殖器的识别转变为基于性腺、荷尔蒙，最后是心理性别组合。

At least since Ovid's story in Book IV of his Metamorphoses, in which the gods Hermes and Aphrodite, embodiments of ideal manhood and womanhood, had a son named Hermaphroditos, has hermaphroditism been a subject of fascination for the West. Hermaphroditos was also a perfect man but his encounter with the nymph Salamacis, who requested that the gods united her to the boy, resulted in Hermaphrodite, a body with double sex or 'in-between' status. Such a story fired the western literary and medical imagination both for its attractiveness /the harmonious combination of two 'opposites' in one body / and for its marvellous or unsettling nature/ the mixing of the two sexes that would neither be one nor the other but which might signify great good or evil to come.The hermaphrodite as a marvellous entity continued in the western imagination amongst natural philosophers and literary exponents until the eighteenth century when a profound transformation took place. The 'real' human hermaphrodite, actually uniting more than one sex, slowly lost currency as secularization and changes in science took place. From this period, the real hermaphrodite was declared impossible in humans and scientists began to talk about 'pseudo-hermaphrodites' or bodies that appeared to combine the two sexes. From the early nineteenth century, doctors presented with cases of ambiguous sex drew up taxonomies for the identification of the real biological sex, often for legal purposes or for permission to marry. Instead of classifying most of these persons as real hermaphrodites, they graded the differences between the sexes and allowed for the combination of different traits of each sex in the same body. On this basis, a final declaration would be made as to the real sex of the person. Thus, under the category of pseudo-hermaphroditism individuals could be designated male pseudo-hermaphrodites if they were judged to be primarily male and female pseudo-hermaphrodites if the opposite were true.What methods of diagnosis allowed doctors to identify the real sex of the body? If previous methods had utilized primarily sight and touch as the principal tool for sex identification by examining the external genitalia, from the early to mid-nineteenth century the criteria aiding identification changed to incorporate a broader variety of characteristics including comportment, hirsuteness, timbre of voice, existence of breasts and gestures. From the late nineteenth century, new diagnostic techniques allowed for the extirpation and analysis of the ovaries and testes under the microscope. In this way, the ovaries and the testes, or the gonads, became the overriding guideline in the determination of sex. The science of hermaphroditism, however, did not rely on sex identification from the gonads alone for long. From the 1920s, with the discovery of 'male' and 'female' hormones, endocrinological accounts of real sex took centre stage. The 'truth' of the body was now found to lie in the hormones secreted by the body and not necessarily in the gonads. However, in the 1930s it was confirmed that some hormones previously known as 'female' were found in non-hermaphroditic males and vice versa. The idea that the two sexes were radically different and incompatible led, with the aid of new psychological theories of gender development, to the notion that the sexes were graded rather than rigidly differentiated and that a variety of factors / genital, gonadal, hormonal and psychological / conferred the real sex of the person.As can be seen, changing factors were articulated by medicine in order to declare the sex of an 'intersex' individual. This research project focuses on how these processes were played out in Spain during the years 1850-1960 in order to assess whether this country followed other broadly European diagnoses of sex in line with the shift from identification being based on the genitalia, to being based on the gonads, the hormones, and, finally, psychological gender mix.