Revision of the Anglo-Norman Dictionary (I-M)

盎格鲁-诺曼语是诺曼人征服不列颠群岛后直接使用的法语的一种形式：起初是作为即将到来的诺曼贵族的口语，后来作为文学、记录、行政和贸易文件、法律、外交和科学的书面语言，与中世纪拉丁语并行不接。在英国被征服后的近200年里，英语——1066年之前繁荣的本土文学的载体——基本上从人们的视野中消失了，它仍然是绝大多数人的口语，但不再有足够的声望被委托给写作。这一角色传给了盎格鲁-诺曼语，盎格鲁-诺曼语享有额外的——但巨大的——优势，它也是西欧最重要的政治和文化强国法国的语言，法国的语言和文学影响力向南延伸至西班牙和意大利，向北和向东延伸至斯堪的纳维亚和德国。因此，盎格鲁-诺曼语是英国与欧洲大陆联系、与之进行贸易、成为中世纪欧洲文化一部分的一种手段。通婚和与土著人口的迅速融合意味着盎格鲁-诺曼人和英语（以及他们的语言）从很早的时候就保持着不断的接触，从这个时期开始，罗曼语词汇主要进入中世纪英语。随着时间的推移，这两种语言融合在一起，产生了一种混合语言，也就是现代英语。如果没有盎格鲁-诺曼语，英国的一些机构，如议会（其记录数百年来都是用这种语言书写的）、法律（即使现在在词汇上也基本上是盎格鲁-诺曼语）、地名和人名，以及可能多达50%的日常词汇，将会缺少许多单词。盎格鲁-诺曼语与英语无缝融合，从某种程度上说，它不是一门“外语”，而是英语的一个组成部分。《盎格鲁-诺曼语词典》（AND）是唯一一本认真地试图完整地呈现这种形式的法语词汇的书，而这种形式的法语是许多现代英语的来源，因此，它是英语、法语和中世纪社会史的基本学术资源。《AND》的第一版可以追溯到1947年：最初被认为是主要文学文本的扩展词汇表，在威廉·罗斯威尔教授的编辑下，它逐渐成为一本真正的词典，特别是在20世纪80年代中期，词典编纂数据的主要新来源（以j·p·科拉斯教授收集材料的形式）变得可用。因此，第一版的后期分册比早期的分册要丰富得多。AND现在被英国和国外的主要词典视为权威，AND第二版的A-E被Max Pfister描述为“自TL（2002）和FEW（2003）完成以来高卢罗曼史词典编纂中最重要的成就”。它（部分地）考虑到新的材料，修订是在1989年左右开始的。到目前为止，《A-E》已经出版（也可以在www.anglo-norman.net上上网）。F和G已经上线，H正在进行中。新版的尺寸是旧版的三到四倍：大量的新材料被考虑在内；寄存器和文档类型的范围已经大大扩展，因此修订后的and可以声称提供了语言的真正全景覆盖。我们现在打算进入下一阶段，对I-M进行类似的全面修订。除了重写条目外，该项目还将进一步开发基于标准的技术，这有助于编辑确保所有条目的正式一致性，同时使全球用户可以立即轻松地访问他们的工作。该项目建立良好，拥有训练有素和经验丰富的研究人员，以及一个经过验证的、有效的、强大的在线交付系统。

Anglo-Norman is the form of French used in the British Isles as a direct result of the Norman Conquest: at first as a spoken language of the incoming Norman nobility, later as a written language in literature, records, administrative and trade documents, the law, diplomacy, and science, in parallel with medieval Latin. For nearly two hundred years after the Conquest, English - the vehicle of a thriving vernacular literature before 1066 - largely disappears from sight, continuing to be the spoken language of the vast majority, but no longer of sufficient prestige to be consigned to writing. That role was passed to Anglo-Norman, which enjoyed the additional - but massive - advantage of also being the language of the foremost political and cultural power in western Europe, France, whose linguistic and literary influence extended as far south as Spain and Italy and as far north and east as Scandinavia and Germany. Anglo-Norman was thus a means for England to be linked to the Continent, to trade with it, and to be part of medieval European culture. Intermarriage and rapid merger with the indigenous population meant that the Anglo-Normans and the English (and their languages) were from an early date in constant contact, and it is from this period that the major incursion of Romance vocabulary into medieval English dates. In time, the languages would merge, to produce the hybrid which was to become modern English. Without Anglo-Norman, English institutions such as Parliament (whose records were written in the language for hundreds of years), the law (which even now is substantially Anglo-Norman in its lexis), place-names and personal names, and perhaps as much as 50% of everyday vocabulary, would be short of many words. Anglo-Norman blended seamlessly into English, and to that extent it is not a 'foreign' language, but one of the constituent parts of the English language. The Anglo-Norman Dictionary (AND) is the only serious attempt to present in its entirety the vocabulary of this form of French from which so much of modern English derives, and as such, it is a fundamental scholarly resource for the history of English, as well as of French, and of medieval society. The first edition of the AND dates back to 1947: at first conceived as an expanded glossary of predominantly literary texts, it became, under the editorship of Professor William Rothwell, increasingly a real dictionary, notably when in the mid-1980s a major new source of lexicographical data (in the form of a collection of material assembled by Professor J.P. Collas) became available. Thus the later fascicles of the first edition are much richer than the earlier ones. The AND is now regarded as an authority by the major dictionaries in Britain and abroad, and A-E of the second edition of the AND has been described by Max Pfister as 'the most significant achievement in Gallo-Romance lexicography since the completion of TL (2002) and of the FEW (2003)'.It is (in part) to take account of the new materials that the revision was initiated in 1989 or so. Thus far, A-E is available in print (and also online at www.anglo-norman.net). F and G are online, and H is well under way. The new edition is between three and four times the size of the old one: considerable quantities of new material have been taken into account; and the range of registers and types of document has been vastly expanded so that the revised AND can claim to offer a genuinely panoramic coverage of the language. We now intend to embark on the next stage, a similarly comprehensive revision of I-M. Alongside the rewriting of the entries, the project will further develop its standards-based technology, which helps the editors ensure formal consistency across all entries while making their work immediately and easily accessible to users worldwide. The project is well-established, with trained and experienced researchers, and a proven, efficent, robust online delivery system.