Adjustment Problems and Substance Use in 3 Generations

描述(由申请人提供)：我们建议研究(A)酒精、烟草和其他药物使用(ATOD)和(B)危害健康的性行为(HRSB)在三代人(G1、G2和G3)之间的社会传播。将从22个月到17-18岁研究前体(例如，ATOD意识)和这些行为出现的发展途径。动态发展系统方法将被用来前瞻性地检查情境风险和问题行为在三代人之间的传递，以及父母养育行为和同辈影响在两代人之间的传递。假设将在俄勒冈州青年研究(OYS)中由高危早期成年男子(G2)的子女组成的社区样本中进行验证。这项三代研究(3GS)包括了每个母亲最多两个父亲的亲生子女。OYS男性表现出高水平的反社会行为(25岁时，42%的人被捕2次或更多)和药物使用(估计50%的人一生中被诊断为酒精依赖或滥用)。这些男子目前的年龄在30-32岁，从G2男子9-10岁起，他们就和他们的父母(G1)一起参与了OYS。通过早期发育过程的一般风险路径和共同路径精神病理学以及具体的影响，包括同伴的社会影响和家庭偏差环境，都将被研究。检查的儿童风险因素将包括气质。我们预计，将根据与行为问题的发展有关的因素以及儿童时期父母和同龄人在童年后期接触药物的具体影响来预测开始使用药物。该设计还允许对跨代传播进行遗传知情检查，因为研究中包括一对亲生兄弟姐妹。本课程将检验关于关键发展时期生长模式形状的跨代一致性的假设。我们计划通过结合对OYS、OYS夫妇和3GS现有数据集的二次数据分析来实现具体目标，这将从拟议的研究期开始进行，并通过收集和分析数据来实现：(A)扩大早期时间点(1至6岁，22个月至11岁)的样本量，以及(B)将研究扩展至17-18岁。与公共卫生相关。反社会行为是所有被研究的儿童行为中未来适应问题的唯一最有力的预测因素，也是开始使用酒精、烟草和其他药物，以及危及健康的性行为和性传播感染的有力预测因素。人们普遍认为，就公共成本(例如，刑事司法系统和各种形式的福利)和私人成本(例如，非生产性生活、个人痛苦和破碎的家庭)而言，这些问题是非常昂贵的。有证据表明，这种行为是代代相传的，但我们才刚刚开始了解这种联系在什么情况下发生以及为什么会发生。这种联系似乎部分归因于反社会行为的家庭风险，也与药物使用和性风险行为的具体风险有关。这项研究将使用三代人的前瞻性数据来检验这些关联。作为一种关键机制，更好地理解育儿方式的代际传递是至关重要的，因为消极的育儿方式一再与父母的精神病态和儿童适应不良联系在一起。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): We propose to study the social transmission of (a) alcohol, tobacco and other drug use (ATOD), and (b) health-risking sexual behavior (HRSB) across three generations (G1, G2, and G3).The developmental pathways of precursors (e.g., ATOD awareness) and of the emergence of these behaviors will be examined from ages 22 months to 17-18 years. A dynamic developmental systems approach will be used to examine prospectively the transmission of contextual risk and problematic behaviors across three generations, and parenting behaviors and peer influences across two generations. Hypotheses will be tested on a community sample consisting of the children of at-risk early adult men (G2) in the Oregon Youth Study (OYS). Up to two biological children of the fathers per mother are included in the Three Generational Study (3GS). The OYS men show high levels of antisocial behavior (at age 25 years, 42% had 2 or more arrests) and substance use (estimated 50% lifetime diagnoses for alcohol dependence or abuse). The men are currently ages 30-32 years, and with their parents (G1) have been involved in the OYS since the G2 men were ages 9-10 years. Both general pathways of risk via early developmental processes and common pathway psychopathology as well as specific influences, including peer social influences and family deviant contexts, will be examined. Child risk factors examined will include temperament. We expect that initiation of substance use will be predicted by factors related to the development of conduct problems and by the specific effects of exposure to substance use by parents in childhood and by peers in later childhood. The design also allows for a genetically-informed examination of cross-generational transmission as pairs of biological siblings are included in the study. Hypotheses regarding cross-generational congruence in the shapes of growth patterns across key developmental periods will be examined. We plan to address the Specific Aims by a combination of secondary data analysis of the OYS, OYS-Couples, and 3GS extant data sets, which will be undertaken from the beginning of the proposed study period, and by collecting and analyzing data that will: (a) Expand the sample size for the early time points (1 through 6, ages 22 months to 11 years), and (b) Extend the study to age 17-18 years. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE. Antisocial behavior is the single most powerful predictor of later adjustment problems of any childhood behavior studied and is a powerful predictor of initiation of alcohol, tobacco and other drug use, as well as of health risking sexual behavior and STI contraction. Such problems are widely recognized as very expensive in terms of public costs (e.g., for the criminal justice system and forms of welfare) and private costs (e.g., unproductive lives, personal distress, and broken families). There is evidence that such behaviors are associated across generations, but we have only begun to learn under what circumstances such associations occur and why. It seems that associations are partly due to familial risk for antisocial behavior and also to specific risks for substance use and sexual risk behavior. This study will use prospective data across three generations to examine these associations. Better understanding of the intergenerational transmission of parenting, as one key mechanism, is critical because negative parenting has been repeatedly linked with parental psychopathology and child maladjustment.