NEIGHBORHOOD, FAMILY AND INDIVIDUAL FACTORS IN ADOLESCENT DRINKING

描述（由申请人提供）：过度饮酒与相当大的发病率和死亡率相关，导致广泛的研究确定与过度饮酒和经历酒精相关伤害的风险增加相关的因素。已确定的风险因素跨越了许多不同的领域，包括背景效应（例如，酒精出口密度、邻里社会劣势）家庭和个人特定的环境影响（例如，父母分居、童年虐待）和个人因素（例如，遗传脆弱性、精神病理学史）。然而，通常情况下，跨领域的集成是有限的。有些人认为，地区层面的因素，如邻里条件，可能比其他社会因素更相关的基因-环境（GE）相互作用的理论。首先，一些人可能会更频繁地暴露于某些社会环境（例如具有较高酒精出口密度的社区），这是他们饮酒（例如自我选择）的结果。第二，邻里关系可能会增强或限制遗传因素对酒精相关行为的相对影响，作为一种直接的社会控制形式，限制潜在特征的表现。我们建议增加创新措施的邻里环境（如酒精出口密度），使用地理信息系统（GIS）技术生成的，以前收集的数据对女性青少年双胞胎队列（N=1700双胞胎对），随后在多波评估到年轻的成年。这将使我们能够更好地描述邻里，家庭和个人因素对早期开始饮酒（随后过度饮酒的主要风险因素），饮酒中毒以及饮酒量和酒精相关问题的单独贡献。它还将使我们能够测试自我选择效应（即影响邻里选择和酒精相关行为的遗传和环境因素是否相关），识别可能影响年轻成年人居住选择的个人和家庭因素，以及邻里环境对遗传影响的调节（即基因-环境相互作用）。因此，我们提出的研究将为酒精使用障碍的生态学和流行病学研究传统提供信息。这样的研究可能会揭示新的性质，范围和当地酒精控制政策的有效性取决于邻里条件和遗传责任的机制，协变或相互作用或影响酒精的使用。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Excessive alcohol use is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, leading to extensive research identifying factors associated with increased risks for the development of excessive alcohol use and for experiencing alcohol-related harm. Identified risk factors have spanned a number of distinct domains including contextual effects (e.g., alcohol outlet density, neighborhood social disadvantage) familial and individual specific environmental influences (e.g., parental separation, childhood abuse) and individual factors (e.g., genetic vulnerability, history of psychopathology). Typically, however, there has been limited integration across domains. Some have suggested that area-level factors, such as neighborhood conditions, may be more relevant to the theory of gene-environment (GE) interplay than other social factors. First, some individuals may be more frequently exposed to certain social contexts (e.g. neighborhoods with higher alcohol outlet density) as a consequence of their drinking (e.g. self-selection). Second, neighborhood conditions may enhance or constrain the relative influence of genetic influences on alcohol-related behaviors, by serving as an immediate form of social control that limits the manifestation of latent characteristics. We propose to add innovative measures of neighborhood environment (e.g. alcohol outlet density), generated using Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies, to previously collected data on a female adolescent twin cohort (N=1700 twin pairs), followed across multiple waves of assessment into young adulthood. This will allow us to better characterize the separate contributions of neighborhood, family and individual factors to early initiation of alcohol use (a major risk factor for subsequent excessive alcohol use), onset o drinking to intoxication, as well as heaviness of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. It will also allow us to test both for self- selection effects (i.e. whether genetic and environmental factors influencing neighborhood choice and alcohol- related behaviors are correlated), identifying individual and family factors that may influence choice of residence in young adulthood and for moderation of genetic influences by neighborhood environment (i.e. gene-environment interaction). Thus, our proposed research will inform both ecological and epidemiological research traditions on alcohol use disorders. Such research may shed new light on the nature, scope, and effectiveness of local alcohol control policies depending on the mechanism by which neighborhood conditions and genetic liabilities covary or interact or to affect alcohol use.