All optical control and monitoring of neural activity

描述（由申请人提供）：光遗传干预神经活动的成功需要优化编码光敏蛋白（视蛋白）的基因传递到特定细胞，并记录光遗传刺激过程中细胞和组织的变化。最常用的传递视蛋白的方法是使用病毒载体，这容易引起意想不到的炎症反应、免疫反应和不当的基因整合。此外，病毒方法限制了可以包装和递送的质粒的大小，因此不能携带多个视蛋白编码基因或大型启动子。此外，在一些人类疾病中，如视网膜色素变性（RP），周围视网膜发生光感受器的进行性丧失，不仅在特定细胞类型中定位视蛋白的表达，而且在一个有限的空间区域（RP中的外周）定位视蛋白的表达将是有用的。这个

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Success of optogenetic intervention of neural activity requires optimization of delivery of genes encoding light sensitive proteins (opsins) to specific cells, and to record the changes in cells and tissue during optogenetic stimulation. The most-commonly used method for delivering opsin(s) is use of viral vector, which is prone to cause unexpected inflammatory responses, immunological reactions, and improper gene integration. Further, the viral methods limit the size of plasmid that can be packaged and delivered and therefore cannot carry multiple opsin-encoding genes or large promoters. Further, in several cases of human diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) where progressive loss of photoreceptors happens in peripheral retina, it will be useful to localize the expression of the opsins not only in specific cell types, but in a restricted spatial region (peripheral in RP). The first aim of the proposal is to optimize a non-viral delivery method to mitigate the challenges posed by viral delivery. We have recently used focused near-IR ultrafast laser beam method to deliver opsins (ChR2) into spatially-patterned regions of neural tissue (retina). However, this technique needs to be optimized so as to minimize the deleterious effects. Further, it will prove useful to develop a label-free optical technique (in contrast to electrophysiology) to non-invasively evaluate functional activation of optogenetically-sensitized neurons with high spatial resolution and large throughput. Recently, we demonstrated use of Phase-Sensitive Frequency Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (PSFD-OCT) for detection of fluctuations in optogenetically-stimulated cells. PSFD-OCT is a novel technique based on the principles of low-coherence interferometry that can detect displacements of the order of tens of picometers. Because of the low-coherence length of the light, the detected signal has to be within the coherence length of the light source (~10um). This enables PSFD-OCT to investigate sub- nanometer changes within a very small region of the tissue volume and is suitable for highly localized detection. The overall aim of this study is to optimize optical delivery of gene encodin opsins, and develop label-free non-invasive optical readout method based on PSFD-OCT to monitor the changes in cortical neurons and tissue resulting from the activation.