Sleep and Divorce: Identifying Bidirectional Vulnerability and Resilience

描述(申请人提供)：睡眠紊乱、睡眠过短或睡眠过长的人患各种长期负面后果的风险增加，包括早期死亡。经历过分居或离婚的人在余生中也表现出更高的发病率和全原因死亡率，人们越来越感兴趣的是，重要健康行为的中断在推动不良健康结果方面发挥了关键作用。尽管这些广泛的流行病学效应被很好地复制，但人们对解释(即调节)离婚与健康关联的心理或行为机制知之甚少。利用整合多种方法的纵向框架，这项拟议的研究通过检查120名参与者(年龄从18岁到70岁，男女人数相等)的心理困扰、睡眠和社会参与结果来解决这一限制。在为期5个月的月度评估中，参与者将完成一组心理评估和一周的睡眠日记。在第一个月、第三个月和第五个月，所有参与者都将佩戴腕表大小的Actiwatch一周，该手表可以测量活动，并可以用来对个人何时以及如何睡眠进行客观评估。在那一周，参与者还将佩戴电子激活记录器(EAR)，这是一种自然观察采样工具，定期记录参与者瞬间环境中的环境声音片段。然后，样本声音片段被编码为参与者互动的各个方面，预计这些互动将在适应分居和离婚方面发挥关键作用。本研究以以下具体目标为指导：(1)考察睡眠障碍的初始水平和社会投入的耳朵指数行为指标如何调节离婚后心理困扰的变化；(2)调查潜在的时变中介过程，将睡眠、社会参与和心理痛苦联系起来；(3)利用结构方程模型的最新进展，在5个月的研究期间探索睡眠和离婚相关心理困扰之间的潜在动态联系。这些发现将有助于阐明离婚的常见生活压力源如何转化为健康/疾病结果，同时也提供了关于睡眠、社交和心理变化如何随着时间的推移共同作用的重要基础知识。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Individuals who have disturbed sleep, short sleep, or long sleep are at increased risk for a variety of long-term negative consequences, including early mortality. Individuals who have experienced marital separation or divorce also demonstrate increased morbidity and all-cause mortality over the remainder of life, and there is growing interest in the possibility that disruptions in important health behaviors play a critical role in driving poor health outcomes. Although these broad-based epidemiological effects are well-replicated, relatively little is known about the psychological or behavioral mechanisms that explain (i.e., mediate) the divorce-health association. Using a longitudinal framework that integrates multiple methodologies, the proposed research addresses this limitation by examining psychological distress, sleep, and social engagement outcomes in a sample of 120 participants (from 18 to 70 years of age, equal numbers of men and women). At monthly assessments across 5 months, participants will complete a psychological assessment battery and one week of sleep diaries. At the first, third, and fifth months, all participants will wear a wrist-watch sized actiwatch for one week that measures activity and can be used to derive objective assessment of when and how well individuals sleep. During that week participants also will wear the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR), which is a naturalistic observation sampling tool that periodically records snippets of ambient sounds from participants' momentary environments. Sampled sound bites are then coded for aspects of participants' interactions that are expected to play a critical role for adjustment to separation and divorce. The research is guided by the following specific aims: (1) To examine how initial levels of sleep disturbance and EAR-indexed behavioral indicators of social engagement moderate changes in psychological distress following divorce; (2) To investigate potential time-varying mediating processes linking sleep, social engagement, and psychological distress; and, (3) to explore potential dynamic associations between sleep and divorce-related psychological distress over the 5 month study period using recent advances in structural equation modeling. The findings will help illuminate how the common life stressor of divorce translates to health/illness outcomes while also providing important basic knowledge about how sleep, social, and psychological changes operate together over time.