Project 1 - The Neurobiology of Social Decision-Making: Social Inference and Context

项目1。项目摘要。 这个项目1由John O 'Doherty执导，是我们目前Conte中心项目2的更新。旨在 继续我们的研究，我们如何通过观察别人的选择来学习做决定。 这种能力，即观察学习，存在于几个物种的行为中，并可能构成主要的 人类获得社会决策技能的机制。然而，与系统相比， 我们现在知道通过个人经验来调解直接学习，令人惊讶的是， 调节观察学习的系统。有哪些系统？他们如何区别就业 取决于上下文这在个体之间会有怎样的差异？我们将通过以下方式解决这些问题： 四个目标，测试三个假设的神经系统的参与观察学习。 特别感兴趣的是一个依赖于社会推理的系统，这是孔蒂中心的焦点主题。 这个系统被认为是招募内侧前额叶皮层和颞顶交界区， 调解一个计算上更强大和更灵活的形式的观察学习，需要估算 向人们解释他们的行为：他们的价值观，目标和信仰。我们假设，并将测试， 这是同一个社会推理系统，参与标准的社会神经科学任务，如 “为什么/如何”任务在核心2下对所有参与者进行管理，并在项目2中明确调查。这 项目1还链接到项目4中描述的Aim，在项目4中，我们将研究单个单元 与观察学习的相关性该项目与其他几个项目之间的密切联系反映在 其工作人员，包括来自其他项目（Mobbs、Andersen、Rutishauser、Hutcherson）的PI， 与其他项目共享的文档。 项目1的主要方法是使用计算功能磁共振成像，它设计功能磁共振成像任务， 局部脑激活可以与观察学习过程的模型中的参数拟合。它将 在6个实验中，每个实验测试50名健康参与者，通过核心2和3招募，并与部分共享。 项目2和项目3的参与者。它的目的是测试如何注意到社会刺激的具体特征 涉及不同的系统，社会背景如何影响（例如，如果我们正在观察一个人或一台计算机），如何 不同系统的可靠性可能会影响它们之间的仲裁，以及在多大程度上 与核心3的心理评估分数相关的个体差异，或 在其他项目中共享重叠主题的实验。

Project 1. Project Summary. This Project 1, directed by John O'Doherty, is a renewal of Project 2 in our current Conte Center. It aims to continue our investigation of how we can learn to make decisions by observing the choices of another person. This ability, observational learning, is present behaviorally in several species and likely constitutes the main mechanism for the acquisition of social decision-making skills in humans. However, compared to the systems we now know to mediate direct learning through personal experience, surprisingly little is known about the systems that mediate observational learning. What systems are there? How are they differentially employed depending on the context? How might this vary across individuals? We will address these questions across four Aims that test the engagement of three postulated neural systems for observational learning. Of specific interest is a system that relies on social inference, the focus theme of this Conte Center. This system, which is thought to recruit sectors of medial prefrontal cortex and the temporoparietal junction, mediates a computationally more powerful and flexible form of observational learning that requires imputing hidden states to people to explain their actions: their values, goals, and beliefs. We hypothesize, and will test, that this is the same social inference system that is engaged in standard social neuroscience tasks, such as the “why/how” task administered to all participants under Core 2 and investigated explicitly in Project 2. This Project 1 also links to an Aim that is described under Project 4, where we will investigate the single-unit correlates of observational learning. The strong links between this Project and several others are reflected in its personnel, which include PIs from other Projects (Mobbs, Andersen, Rutishauser, Hutcherson) and post- docs shared with other Projects. The primary approach of Project 1 uses computational fMRI, which designs fMRI tasks such that regional brain activation can be fit to the parameters in a model of the observational learning process. It will test 50 healthy participants in each of 6 experiments, recruited through Cores 2 and 3, and shared in part with the participants of Projects 2 and 3. Its Aims will test how attention to specific features of social stimuli engages different systems, how social context matters (e.g., if we are observing a human or a computer), how the reliability of the different systems may influence arbitration amongst them, and to what extent there are individual differences that correlate with psychological assessment scores from Core 3, or results from experiments that shared overlapping subjects in other Projects.