EMOTION AND SELF ESTEEM CAUSE SELF DEFEATING BEHAVIOR

弄巧成拙的行为模式构成了 健康的适应性功能，以及损害一个人的 有效竞争，理性、成功地管理自己的事务 时尚。此外，由于弄巧成拙的行为与 理性追求私利，挑战心理学的基本原理 关于人性的假设。几十年的研究证实了 怀疑人们确实会有系统的自我挫败模式，但 这些模式未能符合基于以下内容的初步理论 死亡的愿望、惩罚的欲望或自我毁灭的动机。这个 拟议的研究将探索弄巧成拙的两个主要原因 行为，即由自我夸大的反应引起的过度承诺 以及由情绪困扰引发的风险倾向的判断风格。 拟议工作的第一部分调查了以下假设 人们有时会通过承诺自己的目标和目标来击败自己 超出其能力范围的义务。通常，人们可以选择他们的 目标和义务；设定过高的目标可能会导致 灾难。人类高估自己能力的普遍倾向 而优势增加了这一代价高昂的错误的可能性。在……里面 尤其是那些拥有很高自尊但受到一些尊重的人- 威胁性的消息，如最初的失败或挫折，往往会做出反应 通过采取一种极端自我夸大的模式，可以导致 不切实际的承诺。超出自己能力范围的目标会被 定义会导致失败；此外，非常高的目标可能会增加 表现压力感，这可能反过来阻碍人的 有效执行的能力，因此构成了进一步的障碍 有效和健康的运作。这项研究还将提供一种 亟需的制衡力量，以对抗普遍倾向的高自我 尊重是彻头彻尾的好处，也是健康的基础 调整。无论是实验室实验还是第一人称描述 本研究将使用实际经验进行研究。 这项拟议研究的第二部分将展示情绪困扰 改变判断和风险评估的模式，导致倾向于 做出糟糕的、非最优的决定，这会增加糟糕的可能性 结果。更准确地说，令人不快的情绪状态会培养一种偏好 用于高收益的赌博，因为这种赌博会增加不幸的风险。在……里面 在这样的州，人们似乎被提供机会的活动所吸引 (无论多么小)一个非常积极的结果，想必是因为这些 结果可能会帮助这个人摆脱糟糕的情绪。 不幸的是，处于这种状态的人似乎忽视了 以及他们所做的许多选择将导致 悲痛，这可能会加剧情感上的痛苦。情绪化 因此，痛苦可能会成为自我延续循环的一部分，这将 让健康、幸福和适应变得不可能。再说一次，两个实验室 将使用模拟和实际体验的第一人称描述 来做这项研究。

Self-defeating behavior patterns constitute a formidable barrier to healthy, adaptive functioning, as well as impairing one's ability to compete effectively and manage one's affairs in a rational, successful fashion. Moreover, insofar as self-defeating behavior runs counter to the rational pursuit of self-interest, it challenges psychology's basic assumptions about human nature. Decades of research have confirmed beyond a doubt that people do engage in systematic patterns of self-defeat, yet these patterns have failed to conform to preliminary theories based on death wishes, desire for punishment, or self-destructive motives. The proposed research will explore two major causes of self-defeating behavior, namely overcommitment arising from self-aggrandizing responses and risk-prone judgment styles elicited by emotional distress. The first part of the proposed work investigates the hypothesis that people sometimes defeat themselves by committing themselves to goals and obligations that exceed their capabilities. Often people can choose their goals and obligations; setting excessively high goals can lead to disaster. The pervasive human tendency to overestimate one's capabilities and strengths increases the likelihood of this costly mistake. In particular, people who have high self-esteem but receive some esteem- threatening news, such as an initial failure or setback, tend to respond by taking an extremely self-aggrandizing pattern that can lead into unrealistic commitments. Goals that exceed one's capabilities will by definition lead to failure; in addition, very high goals may increase the sense of performance pressure which may in turn hamper the person's ability to perform effectively, thus constituting a further obstacle to effective and healthy functioning. This research will also provide a much-needed counterweight to the predominant tendency to view high self- esteem as an unmitigated benefit and as a foundation of healthy adjustment. Both laboratory experiments and first-person accounts of actual experiences will be used in this research. The second part of the proposed research will show how emotional distress alters patterns of judgment and risk appraisal, leading to a tendency to make poor, nonoptimal decisions that increase the likelihood of bad outcomes. More precisely, unpleasant emotional states foster a preference for high-payoff gambles that carry an increased risk of misfortune. In such states, people seem drawn toward activities that offer a chance (however small) of a very positive outcome, presumably because these outcomes might help the person to escape from the bad mood. Unfortunately, people in such a state appear to discount or ignore the likelihood of bad outcomes, and so many of the choices they make will lead to grief, which would perhaps intensify the emotional distress. Emotional suffering may therefore become part of self-perpetuating cycle which would make health, happiness, and adjustment impossible. Again, both laboratory simulations and first-person accounts of actual experiences will be used to do this research.