Maternal Substance Use and Toddler Self-Regulation

描述（由申请人提供）：这是对可卡因和非可卡因暴露婴儿的反应性和调节发育轨迹的多方法纵向研究的竞争性延续。最初的应用程序主要关注1,7,13和24个月大的婴幼儿的反应性和调节能力，使用行为和自主测量。在竞争性补充中，我们启动了36个月和48个月的随访，以检查轻度应激条件下自我调节和自主调节的发展。我们还在18个月、30个月、42个月和54个月时进行了简短的家访，以保持联系并收集有关母亲持续使用药物和儿童行为报告的数据。本应用程序的具体目的如下：1)在36个月和48个月时完成对可卡因暴露和非可卡因暴露儿童的持续母体物质使用、中介变量和自我调节的评估；2)在该样本进入幼儿园时启动并完成关键预测因子（母体可卡因和其他物质使用）、中介因子（父母教养、婴儿风险特征、看护环境）和结果变量（自我调节和社会能力）的评估；3)探讨母亲物质使用与自我调节和社会能力发展之间的关系是否受母亲教养行为、照料环境或婴儿风险特征的中介作用；4)探讨可卡因暴露儿童和非可卡因暴露儿童调节结果和社会能力异质性的原因。最后的样本包括出生时招募的220对母子（可卡因组120对，对照组100对）。数据分析的重点是检查自我调节的发育轨迹，作为产前暴露于可卡因和其他物质，胎儿和新生儿的风险特征，养育和护理环境质量的功能。本研究假设幼儿期自我调节的发展轨迹可以预测幼儿期的自我调节和社会能力。本研究利用发展精神病理学的观点来研究物质暴露婴儿的发展和风险和恢复的多种途径的交易影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This is a competing continuation of a multi-method longitudinal study of developmental trajectories of reactivity and regulation among cocaine and non-cocaine exposed infants. The original application focused on reactivity and regulation of infants and toddlers at 1, 7, 13, and 24 months of age using both behavioral and autonomic measures. In a competitive supplement, we initiated a 36 and 48 month follow-up to examine the development of self-regulation and autonomic regulation under conditions of mild stress. We also initiated brief home visits at 18, 30, 42, and 54 months of age in order to maintain contact and collect data on continued maternal substance use and reports of children's behavior. The specific aims of this application are as follows: 1) To complete assessments of ongoing maternal substance use, mediator variables, and self-regulation among cocaine-exposed and non-cocaine-exposed children at 36 and 48 months; 2) To initiate and complete assessments of this sample upon entry into kindergarten on key predictor (maternal cocaine and other substance use), mediating (parenting, infant risk characteristics, caregiving environment), and outcome variables (self-regulation and social competence); 3) To examine if the relationship between maternal substance use and the development of self-regulation and social competence is mediated by maternal parenting behavior, the caregiving environment, or infant risk characteristics; 4) To examine reasons for heterogeneity in regulatory outcomes and social competence among cocaine-exposed and non- cocaine-exposed children. The final sample consists of 220 mother-infant dyads (120 in the cocaine group and 100 in the control group) recruited at birth. Data analyses focuses on examining developmental trajectories of self-regulation as a function of prenatal exposure to cocaine and other substances, fetal and neonatal infant risk characteristics, parenting, and the quality of the caregiving environment. It is hypothesized that developmental trajectories of self-regulation from the toddler/preschool period will predict self-regulation and social competence in kindergarten. This study utilizes a developmental psychopathology perspective to examine transactional influences on development and multiple pathways to risk and resilience among substance exposed infants.