An Evidence-based Approach for Bullying Prevention

摘要 基于证据的预防欺凌的严肃博弈方法 欺凌，以其最常见的形式，是一个严重的公共卫生问题。尤其是在 中学时期是欺凌行为增加的过渡期。网络欺凌，脸部的电子进化- 当面欺凌，是通过电脑、手机等电子设备施加的故意和反复的伤害 威胁、骚扰、羞辱或在社会上排斥他人。欺凌的受害者和犯罪者以及 网络欺凌更有可能自卑、有自杀念头、抑郁、使用物质，以及 学术成就。拟议的第二阶段SBIR申请需要36个月的资金来开发和 测试欺凌和网络欺凌预防材料，包括互动课堂课程和相应的 严肃的游戏，基于循证的物质滥用预防方法，称为生活技能培训 (LST)。LST预防模式教授青少年自我管理技能、社交技能、拒绝毒品技能、 和其他所需的生活技能，以成功地驾驭发展任务，提高韧性和促进 健康的心理社会发展。LST计划已经过广泛测试，并被发现是有效的 在一系列随机对照试验中预防药物使用，报告了30多名同龄人的行为影响。 回顾了出版物。然而，LST目前没有处理任何形式的欺凌或网络欺凌。这个 针对中学欺凌和网络欺凌的拟议预防材料将(1)利用两者的互动 课堂会议和严肃/教育游戏(用于娱乐形式教育的数字游戏)； (2)积极改变围绕欺凌和网络欺凌的社会规范；(3)挑战积极预期 关于欺凌和网络欺凌；(4)通过建立社会、自律和 通过互动学习和行为演练的人际关系技能；以及(5)包括助推器课程。在……里面 第一阶段，我们开发了课堂和严肃的游戏原型材料，并对其可行性进行了初步测试， 在一系列焦点小组和与中学生的关键线人访谈中的可用性和整体吸引力 还有老师。我们实现了第一阶段的所有里程碑。在第二阶段，我们建议发展全面的干预措施 并在一项严格的全国性随机对照试验中对30所初中进行测试。这样做的目的是 研究是有效地解决欺凌和网络欺凌的实施和受害，通过适应 基于证据的LST预防模式，包括新的课堂课程和相应的严肃游戏 对于中学的每个年级。拟议的产品有可能填补预防性干预方面的空白。 目前可供学校使用的工具，可使用现有的 营销和传播渠道。如果有效，建议的预防产品可以有效地减少 青少年的多种问题行为，包括欺凌、网络欺凌和滥用药物；以及 减少这些行为对健康和心理健康造成的不利影响。

ABSTRACT An Evidence-based Serious Game Approach for Bullying Prevention Bullying, in its most familiar form, is a serious public health concern. This is especially true during the middle-school years, a transition period when bullying increases. Cyberbullying, an electronic evolution of face- to-face bullying, is willful and repeated harm inflicted through computers, cell phones and other electronic devices to threaten, harass, embarrass, or socially exclude another. Both victims and offenders of bullying and cyberbullying are more likely to have low self-esteem, suicidal ideation, depression, substance use, and lower academic achievement. The proposed Phase II SBIR application requests 36 months of funding to develop and test bullying and cyberbullying prevention materials, including interactive classroom sessions and corresponding serious games, based on the evidence-based substance abuse prevention approach called Life Skills Training (LST). The LST prevention model teaches youth personal self-management skills, social skills, drug refusal skills, and other life skills needed to successfully navigate developmental tasks, increase resilience, and facilitate healthy psychosocial development. The LST program has been extensively tested and found to effectively prevent substance use in a series of randomized controlled trials with behavioral effects reported in over 30 peer- reviewed publications. However, LST does not currently address any forms of bullying or cyberbullying. The proposed prevention materials for middle school bullying and cyberbullying will (1) utilize both interactive classroom sessions and serious/educational games (digital games used to educate in an entertaining format); (2) positively change social norms surrounding bullying and cyberbullying; (3) challenge positive expectancies about bullying and cyberbullying; (4) enhance protective factors by building social, self-regulation, and relationship skills through interactive learning and behavioral rehearsal; and (5) include booster sessions. In Phase I, we developed classroom and serious game prototype materials and pilot tested them for feasibility, usability, and overall appeal in a series of focus groups and key informant interviews with middle school students and teachers. We achieved all Phase I milestones. During Phase II, we propose to develop the full intervention and test it in a rigorous national randomized controlled trial with 30 middle/junior high schools. The goal of this research is to effectively address bullying and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization by adapting the evidence-based LST prevention model to include new classroom sessions and a corresponding serious game for each grade in middle school. The proposed product has the potential to fill a gap in the preventive intervention tools currently available to schools, which can be widely disseminated throughout the country using existing marketing and dissemination channels. If effective, the proposed prevention products can efficiently decrease multiple problem behaviors among youth, including bullying, cyberbullying as well as substance abuse, and reduce the adverse health and mental health consequences of these behaviors.