Threat-Related Negative Valence Systems, Child Victimization, and Anxiety

接触人际暴力(IPV)影响到每2个年轻人中就有1人受到影响，并带来巨大的身心健康 受害者和社会的负担。儿童时期接触IPV是焦虑症和其他疾病的公认危险因素 一生中都有心理健康问题。在年轻人中，在性质和时间上有很大的差异 IPV暴露和精神健康结果的相当大的异质性。在结果上的这种异质性 可以用各种研究领域标准(RDoC)结构来解释，包括负价 涉及对威胁的响应的系统(NVS)。也就是说，神经功能和发育的中断 与威胁处理相关的生理系统可能是焦虑症状加剧的原因 通常在IPV之后观察到。缺乏评估与多重威胁相关的纵向研究 机制，跨越多个分析单位，在发展的关键时刻，一直是阻碍 为个性化治疗的设计提供信息，以针对IPV后精神病理的根本原因。这个 该项目的总体目标是检查与威胁相关的NVS措施的发展轨迹 青春期，作为暴露于IPV的函数，努力通过改变IPV和焦虑更好地联系在一起 这些措施。该项目的具体目标是：1)确定与威胁相关的NVS结构 终生IPV对青年焦虑症状的影响；2)纵向调查 IPV使三个年龄段(3、6、9年级)的NVS测量在两年内的轨迹更加敏感 基线)；以及3)调查NVS测量的轨迹预测焦虑症状的程度 在考虑了最初的焦虑症状和IPV状态后，超过2年的时间。探索性的目标是 检查杏仁核活动和ACC在基线和加班时的功能如何预测其他威胁的变化- 随着时间的推移，相关的NVS测量(ERP、STARTIL、ERN、皮质醇反应性)。为了实现目标，方法是 涉及研究三个与威胁相关的NVS结构的贡献，包括对急性威胁的反应， 潜在的威胁和持续的威胁。这些构造将在多个分析单元中进行测量 (神经电路、生理、行为/自我报告)，并随着时间的推移使用一组经过充分验证的翻译 神经科学实验室范例和评估工具。加速纵向队列设计将是 用来测试关键的发育问题(例如，青春期状态是否缓和了IPV对 潜在威胁或持续威胁)。三组儿童(总计360名)和他们的照顾者将被登记 预期将进行3次年度面对面实验室评估，其间还包括基于电话的评估。一个 代表广泛的IPV经历和广泛的焦虑症状的社区样本 将会被招募。通过研究多个分析单元中的多个NVS结构，研究结果将 阐明IPV中焦虑问题的心理生物学易感性的时间和发展过程- 暴露于青年，并将影响临床护理和未来的临床研究分类。

Interpersonal violence (IPV) exposure affects 1 in 2 youth and levies tremendous physical and mental health burdens on victims and society. Childhood IPV exposure is a well-established risk factor for anxiety and other mental health problems across the lifespan. There is great variability among youth in the nature and timing of IPV exposure and considerable heterogeneity in mental health outcomes. Such heterogeneity in outcomes may be explained by various Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) constructs, including Negative Valence Systems (NVS) involving responses to threat. That is, disruptions in the functioning and development of neural and physiological systems associated with threat processing may account for heightened anxiety symptoms commonly observed following IPV. A paucity of longitudinal studies assessing multiple threat-related mechanisms, across multiple units of analysis, and at key times in development has been a critical barrier to informing the design of personalized treatments to target root causes of post-IPV psychopathology. The overarching goal of this project is to examine developmental trajectories of threat-related NVS measures into adolescence, as a function of exposure to IPV, in an effort to better link IPV and anxiety through changes in these measures. The specific aims of this project are: 1) to identify threat-related NVS constructs that connect lifetime IPV to anxious symptoms in youth cross-sectionally; 2) to investigate longitudinally the degree to which IPV sensitizes trajectories of NVS measures over a two-year period across three age cohorts (grades 3, 6, 9 at baseline); and 3) to investigate the degree to which trajectories of NVS measures predict anxiety symptoms over a 2-year period after accounting for initial anxiety symptoms and IPV status. An exploratory aim is to examine how amygdala activity and ACC functioning at baseline and overtime predict changes in other threat- related NVS measures (ERP, startle, ERN, cortisol reactivity) over time. To accomplish the aims, the approach involves studying the contributions of three threat-related NVS constructs, including responses to acute threat, potential threat, and sustained threat. These constructs will be measured across multiple units of analysis (neural circuitry, physiology, behavior/self-report) and over time using a battery of well-validated translational neuroscience laboratory paradigms and assessment tools. An accelerated longitudinal cohort design will be used to test key developmental questions (e.g., whether pubertal status moderates the effect of IPV on potential threat or sustained threat). Three cohorts of children (total n=360) and their caregivers will be enrolled and prospectively across 3 annual in-person lab assessments, with phone-based assessments in between. A community sample representing a broad continuum of IPV experiences and a wide range of anxiety symptoms will be recruited. By studying multiple NVS constructs over time across multiple units of analysis, findings will clarify the timing and developmental course of psychobiological vulnerabilities to anxiety problems in IPV- exposed youth, and will impact clinical care and future clinical research classification.