Oilseed processing for food proteins, biofuels and nutraceuticals

来自油菜籽的食物蛋白质和可再生燃料生物燃料产量的增加导致粮食价格急剧上涨，构成发展中国家穷人饮食基础的主食短缺。平衡利用农作物作为食物或燃料是一个伦理和经济层面的问题。加拿大有能力同时增加粮食和可再生燃料的生产。油菜籽通常含有不适合人类食用的油和蛋白质。虽然甘蓝种子的蛋白质质量很高，但蛋白质回收率低阻碍了商业分离的生产。基于我们对这些种子化学成分的详细了解，我们开发了一种从油菜种子中生产高质量分离蛋白的膜工艺(例如，美国专利8,048,463,2011)。提出了一种从常规和非常规油源，特别是黄芥菜、芥菜、油茶和藻类中回收食品级蛋白质产品和燃料级生物柴油的集成工艺，该工艺直接以异丙醇(IPA)为油溶剂。这个过程将利用我们的膜过程的改编，将蛋白质恢复为可食用的产品。在使用IPA作为溶剂和一种试剂醇的单相酯交换过程中，油将在不从提取溶剂分离的情况下转化为生物柴油。异丙醇的毒性比正己烷小，在工艺、产品安全和环境质量方面比正己烷更受欢迎。异丙醇的回收将通过物理和膜技术进行研究。我将根据我以前在催化氢化和电解氢化方面的经验来研究脂肪酸的脱羧基，这将允许简化生物基石油燃料替代品的处理和回收。这些燃料比普通的生物柴油更受欢迎，因为它们不需要改变柴油发动机的处理、混合和使用。作为该计划的一部分，我建议继续开发膜技术，从蛋白质提取过程产生的废水中回收有价值的营养成分。建议的系统超越了生物精炼方案，不仅对种子成分进行分级，而且作为过程的组成部分进行酯交换反应和生物燃料生产。如果成功，这一进程将鼓励在不太适合种植油菜籽的地区种植十字花菜和芥菜，从而提高草原干旱地区的农业产量，在不减少该地区粮食产量的情况下生产生物燃料。在目前的燃料和食品价格下，这一过程可以为加拿大芥末产业5亿美元/年的目标做出重大贡献，并有助于实现加拿大使用的商业柴油中强制要求的生物柴油/可再生燃料含量。

Food protein and renewable fuel from brassica seedsIncreased biofuel production led to a sharp rise in food prices, and a shortage of food staples that form the basis of the diet of the poor in developing countries. There is an ethical and economic dimension to balancing the use of crops for food or fuel. Canada is in a position to simultaneously increase the production of food and renewable fuels. Brassica seeds typically contain oil and proteins in forms unsuitable for human consumption. While brassica seeds have protein of excellent quality, commercial isolate production is hampered by low protein recovery. Based on our detailed understanding of the chemistry of these seeds we have developed a membrane process for the production of high-quality protein isolates from brassica seeds (e.g. U.S.Patent 8,048,463, 2011). The development of an integrated process for the recovery of food grade protein products and fuel grade biodiesel from conventional and unconventional oil sources, specifically yellow and oriental mustard, brassica carinata, camolina and algae is proposed, based on the use of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) directly and in aqueous systems as oil solvent. The process will recover the proteins as edible products using an adaptation of our membrane process. The oil will be converted, without separation from the extraction solvent, into biodiesel in a single-phase transesterification process using IPA both as solvent, and one of the reagent alcohols. IPA is less toxic than hexane, and its use would be preferred over hexane in terms of process and product safety and environmental quality.The recovery of IPA will be investigated by physical and membrane techniques. Decarboxylation of the fatty acids will be examined based on both my earlier experience in catalytic hydrogenation, and electrolytic hydrogenation, that will permit the simplified processing and recovery of bio-based petroleum fuel replacements. These fuels are preferred over normal biodiesel, as they require no change in handling, blending and use in diesel engines.As part of the program I propose to continue the development of membrane techniques for recovering valuable nutraceutical minor components from the waste water produced by the protein extraction process.The proposed system goes beyond biorefinery schemes in not only fractionating the seed components, but also performing the transesterification reaction and biofuel production as an integral part of the process. If successful, the process will encourage the production of brassica carinata and mustard in areas that are not well suited to the growing of canola, and thus improve the agricultural yield of the dry areas of the Prairies, producing biofuels without reducing the food production of the area. With current fuel and food prices the process can make a significant contribution to the Mustard 21 goal of a $ 500 million/a mustard industry in Canada and help fulfill the mandated biodiesel/renewable fuel content of commercial diesel fuel used in Canada.