Underwater information disruption

许多生命的相互作用都是基于对信息的获取和解释，无论是在生物体内还是在生物体之间。从外部环境获取信息的最复杂和最广泛使用的途径之一是嗅觉，即嗅觉。对于许多物种来说，嗅觉对于交配，移动，觅食和逃跑以及其他对生物体生存至关重要的活动至关重要。因此，嗅觉在水生物种中受到了相当大的关注，并已被证明对指导鱼类的大规模运动和复杂生态系统中不同鱼类之间的相互作用至关重要。拟议研究的主要目标是确定添加到水圈中的化学品如何影响鱼类的生活。本研究有三个具体目的：（1）确定短期信息获取的损害;（2）评估长期信息干扰的变化;（3）探索跨代信息获取和反应的变化。探索信息破坏的第一步是建立一个基本的，可靠的和可重复的生物嗅觉读数。我们的特殊测定法测定行为反应，并在一个盲目的双选网状槽中进行，鱼只有两个地方。使用这种检测方法，我们将确定鱼类对人类来源的化学物质的反应（我们的例子集中在防晒霜中的紫外线过滤器上）以及它们对天然气味的先天反应的影响。为了记录合成化学品暴露引起的基于信息的反应的改变，我们将使用使用嗅觉电图分离鼻上皮的方法。此外，将在暴露后提取脑组织，并使用分析化学定量化学和代谢物浓度（确认化学吸收）。防御和补偿稳态机制的变化也将通过鱼类在整个生命过程中从饮食中接触相同的合成污染物来确定。方法将包括qPCR、转录组学和蛋白质组学，具体目标包括生物转化和代谢途径。我们工作的最后一个目标是确定化学品暴露对鱼类嗅觉组织的影响是否可以跨代传递。方法将包括印记和行为分析以及持续的基因标记。这些实验的结果对于理解嗅觉组织在不断变化的水生环境中如何随着时间的推移而发挥作用将是变革性的。这项研究的重点是鱼类的化学感受反应，因为这种存在于地球仪上的脊椎动物非常多样化，它们的生活沉浸在充满复杂气味混合物的液体中，这些混合物用于指导它们的生活。

Many of life's interactions are based on the acquisition and interpretation of information, both within and between organisms. One of the most complex and widely used routes for acquiring information from the external environment is olfaction, i.e. the sense of smell. For many species, the olfactory sense is critical to mating, moving, foraging and fleeing, among other activities that are central to the survival of organisms. It is therefore not surprising that olfaction has received considerable attention in aquatic species and has been shown to be of central importance for guiding large-scale movements of fishes and interactions between different fish species in complex ecosystems. The main objective of the proposed research is to determine how chemicals added to the hydrosphere affect the life of fishes. There are three specific aims of the proposed research: (1) determine the impairment of short-term information acquisition; (2) assess the alteration of long-term information interference; and (3) explore the alterations of information acquisition and response across generations. The first step in exploring information disruption is the establishment of a basic, reliable and repeatable biological olfactory readout. Our particular assay assays behavioral responses and is performed in a blind two-choice reticular trough where fish have only two places to be. Using this assay, we will determine the responses of fish to human-sourced chemicals (our example focusses on the ultraviolet filters in sunscreen) as well as their effects on innate responses to natural odorants. To document the alteration(s) in information-based responses due to synthetic chemical exposure, we will use methods that isolate the nasal epithelium using the electro-olfactography. In addition, brain tissue will be extracted post-exposure and chemical and metabolite concentrations quantified using analytical chemistry (confirming chemical uptake). Changes in defensive and compensatory homeostatic mechanisms will also be determined over the course of fish's lives using dietary exposures to the same synthetic contaminants. Methods will include qPCR, transcriptomics and proteomics, with specific targets that include biotransformation and metabolic pathways. The last objective of our work is to determine whether the effects of chemical exposure of olfactory tissue of fish transfer across generations. Methods will include imprinting and behavioural assays as well as persisting gene markers. The results of these experiments will be transformative for understanding of how olfactory tissue functions over time in a changing aquatic environment. This research focusses on the chemosensory responses of fishes, as this incredibly diverse group of vertebrates that exist across the globe live their lives immersed in fluids replete with complex odorant mixtures that they use to guide their lives.