Investigations and Applications of Non-Conventional Energetic Materials

非均相高能炸药(HHES)在工程尺度上的行为取决于高能炸药中非均相夹杂物的数量和类型。HHES的例子包括：含有大量致密的惰性颗粒(钢或钨)的炸药，或在燃料和氧化剂相之间的界面上反应的混合物。高能炸药是采矿和民用爆破中使用的主要炸药类型，在军事弹药中越来越重要。虽然爆炸中遇到的极端条件不是日常经验，但了解与HHES爆炸和爆炸相关的现象对于安全、有效和高效地使用HHES至关重要。所有公民通过消耗物质和使用公共基础设施间接感受到用于采矿和土木工程应用的炸药的工程产出。拟议的研究计划集中在四个子主题上，以考察不同影响尺度下的高能高能材料的行为：1)高能高能材料的撞击起始：高速弹丸的撞击将冲击波传输到被撞击的材料中。如果材料是含能的，就会发生化学反应，可能会导致从快速燃烧过渡到爆轰。弹丸撞击爆炸的起爆是用冲击波阵面曲率小的冲击波压力和爆炸材料的体积来量化的。大比例非均相的存在改变了对激波的敏感性，从而使更多的激波前锋可能产生爆炸。2)HHES的爆轰结构：理想炸药引爆的结构称为Zel‘dovichvon NeumannDöring(ZND)爆轰：一种引发化学反应的强惰性冲击波，该反应会持续一段时间，然后停止。固体炸药被转化为高温、高压气体，在反应完成后不久，气体加速到音速，然后以超音速传播。HHES中大量的异质和极不匹配的异质能改变爆轰结构。实验测量将使用时间分辨自由面速度测量和阻抗匹配。3)捐献产物流中颗粒的模拟：控制HHES加速物质能力的一个关键因素是气流中气态爆轰产物和固体颗粒之间的能量传递。将进行多相模拟以阐明这一转移。4)HHES爆炸：爆炸中粒子的存在，由HHE历史上复杂的测量距离炸药的冲量而产生。新的激光测速和光谱技术允许测量完整的冲量，并能够与空气中颗粒的放热反应相关联。

The behaviour of heterogeneous high explosives (HHEs) at engineering scales is governed by the quantity and type of heterogeneous inclusions in the HE. Examples of HHEs include: explosives containing large fractions of dense, inert particles (steel or tungsten), or mixtures which react at the interface between fuel and oxidizer phases. HHEs are the primary type of explosive used in mining and civilian blasting, and are increasingly important in military ordnance. While the extreme conditions encountered in explosions are outside everyday experience, understanding phenomena associated with detonation and explosion of HHEs is critical to their safe, effective, and efficient use. The engineering output of explosives used in mining and civil engineering applications is indirectly felt by all citizens through consumption of material goods and use of public infrastructure. The proposed research program focuses on four sub topics that investigate the behaviour of HHEs at different scales of effect:1) Impact initiation of HHEs: Impact by a high velocity projectile transmits a shock wave into the impacted material. If the material is energetic, chemical reaction will occur, possibly resulting in transition from fast burning to detonation. Explosive initiation by projectile impact is quantified by the shock pressure and volume of explosive material that is shocked with little curvature of the shock front. The presence of large fractions of heterogeneities modifies the sensitivity to shock, such that more of the shock front may produce detonation. Experimental ballistic impact tests are required to extend existing scaling laws to HHEs.2) Detonation structure of HHEs: Ideal explosives detonate with a structure known as the Zel'dovichvon NeumannDöring (ZND) detonation: a strong inert shock that initiates chemical reaction, which progresses for a discrete amount of time and then stops. Solid explosive is converted into high temperature, high pressure gas that accelerates to sonic and then supersonic velocities soon after reaction completes. The large quantity and extreme mismatch of heterogeneities in HHEs can modify the detonation structure. Experimental measurements will be performed using time resolved free surface velocity measurement and impedance matching. 3) Modelling of particles in donation product flow: A critical factor governing the ability of HHEs to accelerate material is the energy transferred between the gaseous detonation products and solid particles in the flow. Multiphase simulations will be performed to elucidate this transfer.4) Blast from HHEs: The presence of particles in the blast generated by an HHE historically complicated measurement of the impulse imparted at a distance from the charge. Novel laser velocimetry and spectroscopy techniques permit measurement of the complete impulse and enable correlation with exothermic reaction of the particles in air.