Democratic Institutions: Which Work? Which Last?

9311793普热沃斯基许多国家，特别是东欧和前苏联国家最近的政治变革表明，我们对民主制度的了解显然不足以支持关于替代性制度安排影响的可靠建议。制度可能有两种不同的影响：1)使特定民主制度影响绩效的特定制度安排。民主国家并不都是一样的，它们是什么关系到它们的表现。2)经济危机对民主国家生存的影响取决于具体的制度安排。民主稳定不仅仅是经济、社会或文化条件的问题，因为具体的体制安排处理冲突的能力各不相同，特别是当这些条件变得如此不利，以致人们认为民主的表现不够时。哪些民主制度在什么样的条件下有效并持久？研究者所说的“工作”是指它们带来经济增长、物质安全、免于任意暴力的自由，以及其他有利于个人充分发展的条件。研究者所说的“最后”是指他们吸收并有效调节所有重大冲突，规则只根据规则而改变。这项调查的目的是从统计上考察替代性民主制度对绩效的同时影响，以及绩效对替代性制度框架下民主持久性的影响。将使用两组数据：一组包括到1965年独立的人口超过100万的所有国家，第二组包括一组较小的国家，主要是欧洲和盎格鲁-撒克逊国家，这些国家有长期数据。该项目的结果将为新民主国家的有效机构建设战略提供经验数据。

9311793 Przeworski Recent political transformations in many countries, particularly in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, made it apparent that our knowledge of democratic institutions is not sufficient to support reliable advice about the effects of alternative institutional arrangements. Institutions may have two distinct effects: 1) the specific institutional arrangments that make a particular democratic system affect performance. Democracies are not all the same and what they are matters for how they perform. 2) the effect of economic crises on the survival of democracies depends on the particular institutional arrangements. Democratic stability is not just a matter of economic, social or cultural conditions because specific institutional arrangements differ in their ability to process conflicts, particularly when these conditions become so adverse that democratic performance is experienced as inadequate. Which democratic institutions work and last under what conditions? By "work," the researcher means that they generate economic growth, material security, freedom from arbitrary violence, and other conditions conducive to the full development of individuals. By "last," the researcher means that they absorb and effectively regulate all major conflicts, that rules are changed only according to rules. The purpose of the investigation is to examine statistically the simultaneous effect of alternative democratic institutions on performance and of performance on the durability of democracy under alternative institutional frameworks. Two data sets will be used: one consisting of all countries with the population over one million which were independent by 1965, and the second consisting of a smaller group of, principally European and Anglo-Saxon countries for which long-term data are available. The results of the project will provide empirical data on effective institution building strategies for new democracies.