A study on women's work, labor market institutions, and income distribution

1. 从理论分析来看，所谓的“100万日元上限”对推迟退休产生了影响。“100万日元上限”指的是日本已婚兼职女性将收入限制在103万日元以下的趋势。上限使得将年收入限制在103万日元以下是合理的，这样做会减少终身收入；为了部分弥补终身收入的减少，那些面临收入上限的人有动力工作更长时间。此外，推导了动态劳动力供给模型中福利成本上限的度量，表明动态福利成本与静态劳动力供给模型中的福利成本普遍不同。本研究的独特之处在于，它是少数研究不连续预算集下劳动力供给动态优化的研究之一。实证分析表明，日本兼职/全职工资差距扩大的驱动力之一是女性全职劳动力的教育升级和老龄化。在日本，女性参与劳动力市场的情况存在很大的地区差异。在使用日本数据估计劳动力供给函数时，考虑区域因素的方式对参数估计有显著影响。实证分析表明，妻子劳动收入对减少日本家庭收入不平等的影响不大。

1. From a theoretical analysis, it is shown that the so-called "1 million yen ceiling," which refers to the tendency of married women in Japan who work part time to limit their earnings to no more than 1.03 million yen, has an impact to delay retirement. The ceiling makes it rational to restrain annual earnings below 1.03 million yen, and doing so reduces lifetime earnings; in order to partially compensate for the reduced lifetime earnings, those who face the ceiling have incentives to work more years. In addition, the measure of welfare cost of the ceiling in a dynamic labor supply model is derived to show that the dynamic welfare cost generally differs from that in a static labor supply model. This research is unique in that it is one of the few studies that examine the dynamic optimization of labor supply under a discontinuous budget set.2. From an empirical analysis, it is shown that one of the driving forces for the widening part-time/full-time wage gap in Japan is the educational upgrading and aging of the female full-time workforce.3. In Japan, there are large regional differences in women's participation in the labor market. In estimating a labor supply function using Japanese data, the way to account for regional factors affects the parameter estimates significantly.4. From an empirical analysis, it is shown that wives' labor earnings have a modest impact to reduce household earnings inequality in Japan.