The Sources and Effects of Knowledge Spillovers

9320973 Jaffe知识溢出是理解技术进步过程的关键，它如何促进经济增长，以及如何有效地利用政策杠杆通过创新促进增长。 当大学和政府实验室产生基础研究成果，为私营部门的应用研究奠定基础时，就会产生知识溢出;当研究人员利用其他私营机构产生的知识时，也会在私营部门产生知识溢出。 然而，尽管如此重要和十年的研究，关键问题仍然没有答案。 例如，我们不知道不同机构、不同行业和不同地理区域在产生溢出效应方面的相对重要性;溢出效应在地方或国家边界内的程度;企业利用他人溢出效应的能力是否不同以及如何不同;溢出效应所代表的公共知识流动如何随时间而变化。 该项目的贡献来自于组装一个全面的专利数据库，通过详细检查其他证据来验证专利引用作为知识流证据的使用，并使用数据集来解决这些未回答的问题。 更具体地说，该项目建立了一个全面的数据库，包括1975年至1993年期间授予的所有专利以及这些专利的所有引用，包括对1871年以前专利的引用。 引文数据库用于绘制跨时间、跨部门、跨地理区域和跨机构（如公司、大学和政府实验室）的知识流动图，并用于衡量特定发明或特定公司、部门或地区持有的发明组合的“基本性”和可适用性。 该数据库将与NBER R D Panel数据集合并，后者包含2000多家公司的年度财务和市场价值信息。 它还将与Census-NSF工业研发调查数据和Census-NSF按企业划分的生产LRD数据合并。 这些数据集将用于探索技术变革经济学核心的一些重要问题，这些问题对技术政策至关重要。

9320973 Jaffe Knowledge spillovers are key to understanding the process of technological progress, how it contributes to economic growth, and how policy levers can be used effectively to foster growth through innovation. Knowledge spillovers are created when universities and government labs produce the basic research results that provide the foundation for applied research in the private sector; they are also created in the private sector, when researchers take advantage of knowledge produced by other private agents. Yet, despite this importance and a decade of research, crucial questions remain unanswered. For example, we do not know the relative importance of different institutions, different industries and different geographic regions in generating spillovers; the extent to which spillovers are contained within local or national boundaries; whether and how firms vary in their ability to use spillovers from others; and how the public knowledge flows that spillovers represent have varied over time. The contribution of this project comes from assembling a comprehensive database on patents, validating the use of patent citations as evidence of knowledge flows through the detailed examination of other evidence, and using the datasets to address these unanswered questions. More specifically, the project constructs a comprehensive database on all patents granted between 1975 and 1993 and all citations made by those patents, including references to earlier patents going back to 1871. The citations database is used to map the flows of knowledge across time and among sectors, geographic regions, and different institutions such as firms, universities and government labs, and to measure the "basicness" and appropriability of particular inventions or the portfolio of inventions held by particular firms, sectors or regions. The database will be merged with the NBER R&D Panel dataset, which contains annual financial and market value information on over 2000 firms. It will also be merged with the Census LRD data on production by establishment, and the Census-NSF industrial R&D survey data. These datasets will be used to explore a number of important questions at the heart of the economics of technological change and crucial to technology policy.