Relativistic Fluids and the Coupling of Gravity to Other Forces

提出者将继续他在两个领域的研究：i)爱因斯坦广义相对论中的冲击波及其在宇宙学中的应用；ii)爱因斯坦引力场方程与其他(基本)力场的耦合；例如电磁和核力。在第一部分中，他将研究他的标准大爆炸宇宙学的替代模型。在这一理论中，可观测的宇宙开始于冲击波爆炸进入一个静止的(与时间无关的)空间。这次爆炸创造了天文学家今天观测到的不断膨胀的宇宙。这种膨胀的前缘由向外传播的激波来模拟。由于冲击波是方程的不可逆解，有关过去的信息随着冲击波的推进而丢失。因此，在这个模型中，人们不应该期望解的唯一时间反转一直回到最初的大爆炸，在大爆炸中，整个宇宙被压缩成一个很小的区域。在第二部分)中，提出者将研究当考虑重力时量子力学方程的解是如何变化的。到目前为止，在基本粒子理论中，引力一直被忽略，因为引力比核力和电磁力弱得多。初步计算表明，尽管引力较弱，但引力的加入对解有“平滑”作用，并对基本粒子理论的某些方面作了较大的修正。首先，他将研究标准的“大爆炸”宇宙学的另一种情景。在他的模型中，可观测到的宇宙是从冲击波爆炸开始的，而不是从葡萄柚大小的密度令人难以置信的小区域开始的。这一理论与最近对宇宙最外围区域巨大能量爆发的一些天文观测一致，暗示可能还有其他遥远的宇宙也是由冲击波爆炸产生的。其次，提出者将研究重力对其他力(电磁力和核力)的影响。由于与这些其他力相比，引力非常弱，物理学家在研究基本粒子时忽略了重力。然而，这位提出者发现，引力的包含实际上在基本粒子理论中发挥了作用。此外，他还将研究量子理论效应在黑洞研究中发挥作用的可能性。

The proposer will continue his investigations in two areas:i) shock-waves in Einstein's Theory of General Relativity withapplications to cosmology and ii) the coupling of Einstein's equations for the gravitational field to other (fundamental) force fields; for example to electromagnetism and nuclear forces.In part i) he will investigate his alternative model to the standard "Big-Bang" cosmology. In this theory, the observable universe began with a shock wave explosion into a stationary (time-independent) space. This explosion created the expanding universe that astronomers observe today. The leading edge of this expansion is modeled by an outward propagating shock-wave. Since shock-waves are irreversible solutions of the equations, information about the past is lost as the shock-wave advances. In this model one should therefore not expect a unique time reversal of the solution all the way back to an initial Big-Bang, whereby the entire universe was compressed into a tiny region. In part ii) the proposer will study how solutions of the equations of Quantum Mechanics change when gravity is taken into account. Up to now, gravity has been ignored in elementary particle theory, because gravity is much weaker than nuclear forces and electromagnetism. Preliminary calculations of the proposer show that in spite of the weakness of the gravitational force, the addition of gravity into the equations has a "smoothing"effect on solutions, and greatly modifies some aspects of elementary particle theory.The proposer will do research in two areas. First, he will investigate analternative scenario to the standard "Big-Bang" cosmology. In his model the observable universe began with a shock-wave explosion ratherthan from an incredibly dense small region the size of a grapefruit. Consistent with some recent astronomical observations of huge energy bursts in the very outer regions of the cosmos, this theory implies that there may be other distant universes which also arise from shock-wave explosions. Secondly, the proposer will study the effect that gravity has on other forces (electromagnetism and nuclear forces). Since the gravitational force is extremely weak in comparison to these other forces, physicists have ignored gravity in studying elementary particles. However, the proposer has found that the inclusion of gravity does actually play a role in elementary particle theory. Furthermore, he will investigate the possibility that quantum-theoretic effects play a role in the study of black holes.