Relativistic Fluids and the Coupling of Gravity to Other Forces

申请人将继续在两个领域进行研究：i)爱因斯坦广义相对论中的冲击波及其在宇宙学中的应用；ii)爱因斯坦引力场方程与其他（基本）力场的耦合；比如电磁力和核力。在第一部分中，他将研究他的标准“大爆炸”宇宙论的替代模型。在这个理论中，可观测的宇宙始于一个冲击波爆炸进入一个静止的（与时间无关的）空间。这次爆炸创造了天文学家今天观测到的不断膨胀的宇宙。这种膨胀的前缘是由向外传播的冲击波来模拟的。由于激波是方程组的不可逆解，关于过去的信息随着激波的推进而丢失。因此，在这个模型中，我们不应该期望解的唯一时间反转一直回到最初的大爆炸，在这个大爆炸中，整个宇宙被压缩成一个很小的区域。在第二部分中，申请者将研究当考虑重力时量子力学方程的解是如何变化的。到目前为止，引力在基本粒子理论中一直被忽略，因为引力比核力和电磁力弱得多。提出者的初步计算表明，尽管引力很弱，但在方程中加入引力对解有“平滑”作用，并极大地修正了基本粒子理论的某些方面。提案人将在两个方面进行研究。首先，他将研究标准的“大爆炸”宇宙论的替代方案。在他的模型中，可观测到的宇宙始于一次冲击波爆炸，而不是起源于一个葡萄柚大小的密度极高的小区域。这一理论与最近对宇宙最外层区域巨大能量爆发的一些天文观测相一致，它暗示可能存在其他遥远的宇宙，它们也来自冲击波爆炸。其次，提议者将研究重力对其他力（电磁力和核力）的影响。由于引力与其他力相比极其微弱，物理学家在研究基本粒子时忽略了引力。然而，提议者已经发现，引力的包含确实在基本粒子理论中发挥了作用。此外，他将研究量子理论效应在黑洞研究中发挥作用的可能性。

The proposer will continue his investigations in two areas:i) shock-waves in Einstein's Theory of General Relativity withapplications to cosmology and ii) the coupling of Einstein's equations for the gravitational field to other (fundamental) force fields; for example to electromagnetism and nuclear forces.In part i) he will investigate his alternative model to the standard "Big-Bang" cosmology. In this theory, the observable universe began with a shock wave explosion into a stationary (time-independent) space. This explosion created the expanding universe that astronomers observe today. The leading edge of this expansion is modeled by an outward propagating shock-wave. Since shock-waves are irreversible solutions of the equations, information about the past is lost as the shock-wave advances. In this model one should therefore not expect a unique time reversal of the solution all the way back to an initial Big-Bang, whereby the entire universe was compressed into a tiny region. In part ii) the proposer will study how solutions of the equations of Quantum Mechanics change when gravity is taken into account. Up to now, gravity has been ignored in elementary particle theory, because gravity is much weaker than nuclear forces and electromagnetism. Preliminary calculations of the proposer show that in spite of the weakness of the gravitational force, the addition of gravity into the equations has a "smoothing"effect on solutions, and greatly modifies some aspects of elementary particle theory.The proposer will do research in two areas. First, he will investigate analternative scenario to the standard "Big-Bang" cosmology. In his model the observable universe began with a shock-wave explosion ratherthan from an incredibly dense small region the size of a grapefruit. Consistent with some recent astronomical observations of huge energy bursts in the very outer regions of the cosmos, this theory implies that there may be other distant universes which also arise from shock-wave explosions. Secondly, the proposer will study the effect that gravity has on other forces (electromagnetism and nuclear forces). Since the gravitational force is extremely weak in comparison to these other forces, physicists have ignored gravity in studying elementary particles. However, the proposer has found that the inclusion of gravity does actually play a role in elementary particle theory. Furthermore, he will investigate the possibility that quantum-theoretic effects play a role in the study of black holes.