Relativistic Fluids and the Coupling of Gravity to Other Forces

他将继续研究两个领域：i）爱因斯坦广义相对论中的冲击波及其在宇宙学中的应用; ii）爱因斯坦引力场方程与其他（基本）力场的耦合;例如电磁力和核力。在第i）部分，他将研究标准“大爆炸”宇宙学的替代模型。 在这个理论中，可观测的宇宙开始于冲击波爆炸到一个静止的（与时间无关的）空间。 这场爆炸创造了天文学家今天观测到的膨胀宇宙。这种膨胀的前缘由向外传播的激波模拟。 由于冲击波是方程的不可逆解，随着冲击波的前进，关于过去的信息会丢失。因此，在这个模型中，人们不应该期望一个唯一的时间反演的解决方案，一直回到最初的大爆炸，其中整个宇宙被压缩到一个微小的区域。 在第二部分中，提出者将研究当考虑引力时量子力学方程的解如何变化。 到目前为止，引力在基本粒子理论中一直被忽略，因为引力比核力和电磁力弱得多。 初步计算表明，尽管引力很弱，但在方程中加入引力对解有“平滑“作用，大大改变了基本粒子理论的某些方面。 首先，他将研究标准“大爆炸”宇宙学的替代方案。 在他的模型中，可观测的宇宙是从一个冲击波爆炸开始的，而不是从一个葡萄柚大小的密度惊人的小区域开始的。这一理论与最近一些天文学观测到的宇宙最外层区域的巨大能量爆发相一致，意味着可能还有其他遥远的宇宙也是由冲击波爆炸产生的。 其次，提议者将研究重力对其他力（电磁力和核力）的影响。 由于引力与其他力相比非常微弱，物理学家在研究基本粒子时忽略了引力。然而，提议者发现，引力的包含实际上在基本粒子理论中发挥了作用。 此外，他将研究量子理论效应在黑洞研究中发挥作用的可能性。

The proposer will continue his investigations in two areas:i) shock-waves in Einstein's Theory of General Relativity withapplications to cosmology and ii) the coupling of Einstein's equations for the gravitational field to other (fundamental) force fields; for example to electromagnetism and nuclear forces.In part i) he will investigate his alternative model to the standard "Big-Bang" cosmology. In this theory, the observable universe began with a shock wave explosion into a stationary (time-independent) space. This explosion created the expanding universe that astronomers observe today. The leading edge of this expansion is modeled by an outward propagating shock-wave. Since shock-waves are irreversible solutions of the equations, information about the past is lost as the shock-wave advances. In this model one should therefore not expect a unique time reversal of the solution all the way back to an initial Big-Bang, whereby the entire universe was compressed into a tiny region. In part ii) the proposer will study how solutions of the equations of Quantum Mechanics change when gravity is taken into account. Up to now, gravity has been ignored in elementary particle theory, because gravity is much weaker than nuclear forces and electromagnetism. Preliminary calculations of the proposer show that in spite of the weakness of the gravitational force, the addition of gravity into the equations has a "smoothing"effect on solutions, and greatly modifies some aspects of elementary particle theory.The proposer will do research in two areas. First, he will investigate analternative scenario to the standard "Big-Bang" cosmology. In his model the observable universe began with a shock-wave explosion ratherthan from an incredibly dense small region the size of a grapefruit. Consistent with some recent astronomical observations of huge energy bursts in the very outer regions of the cosmos, this theory implies that there may be other distant universes which also arise from shock-wave explosions. Secondly, the proposer will study the effect that gravity has on other forces (electromagnetism and nuclear forces). Since the gravitational force is extremely weak in comparison to these other forces, physicists have ignored gravity in studying elementary particles. However, the proposer has found that the inclusion of gravity does actually play a role in elementary particle theory. Furthermore, he will investigate the possibility that quantum-theoretic effects play a role in the study of black holes.