Group Boundaries in New York and Chicago: New Uses of the 1880 Census

本研究将探讨1880年至1920年期间，欧洲移民和南方黑人移民在纽约和芝加哥的居住和职业融合。 以前的研究已经分析了这些问题，使用的样本来自1900年和1920年的人口普查数据。 1880年人口普查的100%样本的可用性使得可能的联系回到一个时代，当时来自西欧的移民处于高峰期，来自南欧和东欧的移民刚刚开始。 1880年的数据将有助于回答这样的问题，如1900年第一批移民群体（例如，德国人和爱尔兰人）超过了最近的移民（例如，意大利人和俄罗斯人）是因为他们更长的同化历史，或者因为他们从来没有被隔离在首位。 将1920年的个人和家庭与1880年进行匹配，极大地提高了研究代际流动性的能力，并区分了以前被归类为“土著白人”的第三代和第四代以上美国人。

This research will investigate the residential and occupational integration of European immigrants and migrant Southern blacks in New York and Chicago between 1880 and 1920. Previous research has analyzed these questions using samples from individual Census data in 1900 and 1920. The availability of a 100% sample of the 1880 Census makes possible linkages back to an era when immigration from West Europe was at its height and immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe was just beginning. The 1880 data will enable answers to such questions as whether the greater integration in 1900 of the first immigrant groups (e.g., Germans and Irish) over more recent immigrants (e.g., Italians and Russians) was because of their longer history of assimilation or because they were never as segregated in the first place. Matching 1920 individuals and families back to 1880 greatly enhances the ability to study inter-generational mobility and to distinguish 3rd and 4+ generation Americans who have been previously classified together as "native whites".