Group Boundaries in New York and Chicago: New Uses of the 1880 Census

这项研究将调查1880年至1920年间欧洲移民和移民南方黑人在纽约和芝加哥的居住和职业融合情况。之前的研究已经使用1900和1920年的个人人口普查数据样本分析了这些问题。1880年人口普查100%样本的提供使人们有可能回到西欧移民高峰期，而来自南欧和东欧的移民才刚刚开始的时代。1880年的数据将使人们能够回答这样的问题，即1900年第一批移民群体(如德国人和爱尔兰人)相对于较新移民(如意大利人和俄罗斯人)的融合程度更高是因为他们有更长的同化历史，还是因为他们从一开始就没有那么严重的种族隔离。将1920个人和家庭配对到1880年，极大地提高了研究代际流动性和区分之前被归类为“土著白人”的第三代和第四代以上美国人的能力。

This research will investigate the residential and occupational integration of European immigrants and migrant Southern blacks in New York and Chicago between 1880 and 1920. Previous research has analyzed these questions using samples from individual Census data in 1900 and 1920. The availability of a 100% sample of the 1880 Census makes possible linkages back to an era when immigration from West Europe was at its height and immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe was just beginning. The 1880 data will enable answers to such questions as whether the greater integration in 1900 of the first immigrant groups (e.g., Germans and Irish) over more recent immigrants (e.g., Italians and Russians) was because of their longer history of assimilation or because they were never as segregated in the first place. Matching 1920 individuals and families back to 1880 greatly enhances the ability to study inter-generational mobility and to distinguish 3rd and 4+ generation Americans who have been previously classified together as "native whites".