Spatial Analyses of Segregation Trends

这个项目分析了欧洲移民和非裔美国移民在北部和中西部十个主要城市居住模式的变化。就非裔美国人而言，它将提供新的详细信息，说明伴随着南方大迁徙而来的日益加剧的居住隔离趋势。个人社会经济流动性在多大程度上转化为黑人生活在更一体化或地位更高的社区？白人对城市某些地区黑人人口增长的反应是什么？就欧洲移民而言，这项研究将阐明先前研究中记录的空间同化过程。当新的移民群体开始大量到来时，早期到达的移民群体（德国人、爱尔兰人和英国人）是否仍然与当地白人隔离？意大利人、俄罗斯人和斯堪的纳维亚人花了多长时间才开始离开密集的种族社区，离开或留在这些社区的人有什么特点？基于群体规模或构成，这些过程在不同城市之间是如何变化的？本研究选择的城市可以分析高度集中在这些城市的移民的空间同化和隔离。就这两种少数民族而言，该研究开辟了新的领域，以更高的空间分辨率（普查区和人口普查区）研究种族隔离，而不是以病房（这是大多数种族隔离研究的基础）。一个关键的比较是将黑人与白人的隔离（被认为是温和的，直到1920年黑人在大迁徙中开始大量迁移）与移民居住飞地进行比较，后者在本质上被认为是短暂的。这个项目将对这些结论进行关键的检验，并提供一些关于阶级隔离趋势的初步分析。此外，它将回答基于社区空间分析的居住变化过程的问题。首先，哪些群体成员生活在共同的种族社区中？社会流动性和文化适应如何转化为不同群体、不同类型的城市和不同年代在这些飞地之外的生活？为此，社区将被定义为基于社会构成的空间依赖性的枚举区组合。因此，随着居住模式的演变，社区的位置和规模预计会随着时间的推移而变化。其次，社区是如何变化的，特别是在20世纪大部分时间里记录的入侵/继承过程中？当黑人和移民开始到来时，本地（3代以上）白人离开社区的现象。在本世纪初的几十年里，是否存在种族和民族变化的转折点？如果存在，本土白人移民的程度是否会因新移民的种族和民族而有所不同？这些问题将在每十年使用10个城市的100%居民样本来解决，汇总到小区域（枚举区）并在GIS系统中绘制地图。这些数据和地图将通过基于网络的地图浏览器提供给公众使用，也可通过直接下载的方式共享。本研究与当代主要社会问题密切相关。随着拉美裔和亚洲人成为美国增长最快的人口群体，黑人聚居化巩固了种族隔离的模式，移民空间同化的过程也重新开始。必须了解这些进程的先例，以便对当前局势抱有现实的期望。

SES-1355693John LoganBrown UniversityThis project analyzes the changes in residential patterns of European immigrants and African American migrants in ten major Northern and Midwestern cities. For the case of African Americans it will provide new detailed information about the trend toward increasing residential segregation that accompanied the Great Migration from the South. To what extent did individual socioeconomic mobility translate into living in more integrated or higher status neighborhoods for blacks? What was the response of whites to growing black population in certain parts of the city? For the case of European immigrants, the study will shed light on the process of spatial assimilation that has been documented in prior research. Were the earlier arriving groups (Germans, Irish, and British) still segregated from native whites when new groups began to arrive in large numbers? How long did it take for Italians, Russians, and Scandinavians to begin moving out of dense ethnic neighborhoods, and what were the characteristics of people who left or stayed within them? How did these processes vary across cities, based on group size or composition? The selection of cities for this study makes it possible to analyze both the spatial assimilation and segregation of immigrants, who were highly concentrated in these cities,. With respect to both kinds of minorities the study breaks new ground by studying segregation at a much higher spatial resolution (the enumeration district and census tract) than the ward (which is the basis for most research on segregation). A key comparison is between black-white segregation (believed to be moderate until after 1920 when blacks began moving in large numbers in the Great Migration) and immigrant residential enclaves that are viewed as transitory in nature. This project will offer a critical test of these conclusions and provide some of the first analyses of trends in class segregation. In addition, it will answer questions about the processes of residential change based on spatial analyses of neighborhoods. First, which group members lived in co-ethnic neighborhoods and how did social mobility and acculturation translate into living outside of these enclaves for different groups, in different kinds of cities, and in different decades)? For this purpose neighborhoods will be defined as combinations of enumeration districts based on spatial dependence in social composition. Neighborhoods, then, are expected to vary in location and scale over time as settlement patterns evolve. Second, how do neighborhoods change, particularly in relation to the invasion/succession process that has been documented for much of the 20th Century ? the phenomenon of native (3+ generation) whites deserting neighborhoods when blacks and immigrants began arriving. Were there tipping points of racial and ethnic change in the early decades of the century, and if so did the extent of white native flight differ according to the race and ethnicity of new arrivals?Broader Impacts These questions will be addressed using 100% samples of residents of ten cities in each decade, aggregated to small areas (enumeration districts) and mapped within a GIS system. The data and maps will be made available for public use via a web-based map browser and also shared through direct download. This study is highly relevant to major contemporary social concerns. Black ghettoization anchored patterns of racial segregation, and processes of immigrant spatial assimilation have been renewed as Hispanics and Asians have become the fastest growing population groups in the nation. It is essential to understand the precedents for these processes in order to have realistic expectations about the current situation.