Spatial Analyses of Segregation Trends

SES-1355693约翰·洛根布朗大学该项目分析了北方和中西部十个主要城市的欧洲移民和非洲裔美国移民的居住模式的变化。 对于非裔美国人的情况，它将提供新的详细信息，对日益增加的居住隔离的趋势，伴随着从南方大移民。个人的社会经济流动性在多大程度上转化为黑人生活在更融合或更高地位的社区？白人对城市某些地区黑人人口的增长有何反应？对于欧洲移民的情况下，该研究将揭示空间同化的过程，已在以前的研究记录。当新的移民群体开始大量到来时，早期移民群体（德国人、爱尔兰人和英国人）是否仍然与当地白人隔离？意大利人、俄罗斯人和斯堪的纳维亚人用了多长时间才开始从密集的种族社区中迁出？离开或留在这些社区的人有什么特征？根据群体规模或组成，这些过程在城市之间有何不同？本研究选择的城市使得分析高度集中在这些城市的移民的空间同化和隔离成为可能。关于这两种少数群体，这项研究开辟了新的领域，以比选区（大多数隔离研究的基础）高得多的空间分辨率（查点区和普查区）研究隔离。 一个关键的比较是在黑人-白人隔离（被认为是温和的，直到1920年之后，当黑人开始在大迁徙中大量移动）和移民住宅飞地之间，被认为是暂时的。这个项目将提供这些结论的一个关键的测试，并提供一些在阶级隔离的趋势的第一次分析。此外，它将回答有关住宅变化的过程中的邻里空间分析的基础上的问题。首先，哪些群体成员生活在同一种族的社区，社会流动性和文化适应如何转化为不同群体、不同类型的城市和不同年代生活在这些飞地之外？为此，社区将被定义为基于社会组成的空间依赖性的枚举区的组合。因此，随着定居模式的演变，预计社区的位置和规模会随着时间的推移而变化。第二，社区是如何变化的，特别是与20世纪世纪大部分时间里记录在案的入侵/继承过程有关的？当黑人和移民开始到来时，当地（3代以上）白人离开社区的现象。在世纪的最初几十年里，种族和民族的变化是否有转折点？如果有，白色土著人逃离的程度是否因新来者的种族和民族而异？更广泛的影响这些问题将使用每十年十个城市居民的100%样本来解决，汇总到小区域（枚举区），并在GIS系统中绘制地图。这些数据和地图将通过基于网络的地图浏览器提供给公众使用，并通过直接下载共享。这项研究与当代主要的社会问题密切相关。黑人聚居区化导致了种族隔离的模式，随着西班牙裔和亚裔成为美国增长最快的人口群体，移民空间同化的进程也得到了更新。必须了解这些进程的先例，以便对目前的局势抱有现实的期望。

SES-1355693John LoganBrown UniversityThis project analyzes the changes in residential patterns of European immigrants and African American migrants in ten major Northern and Midwestern cities. For the case of African Americans it will provide new detailed information about the trend toward increasing residential segregation that accompanied the Great Migration from the South. To what extent did individual socioeconomic mobility translate into living in more integrated or higher status neighborhoods for blacks? What was the response of whites to growing black population in certain parts of the city? For the case of European immigrants, the study will shed light on the process of spatial assimilation that has been documented in prior research. Were the earlier arriving groups (Germans, Irish, and British) still segregated from native whites when new groups began to arrive in large numbers? How long did it take for Italians, Russians, and Scandinavians to begin moving out of dense ethnic neighborhoods, and what were the characteristics of people who left or stayed within them? How did these processes vary across cities, based on group size or composition? The selection of cities for this study makes it possible to analyze both the spatial assimilation and segregation of immigrants, who were highly concentrated in these cities,. With respect to both kinds of minorities the study breaks new ground by studying segregation at a much higher spatial resolution (the enumeration district and census tract) than the ward (which is the basis for most research on segregation). A key comparison is between black-white segregation (believed to be moderate until after 1920 when blacks began moving in large numbers in the Great Migration) and immigrant residential enclaves that are viewed as transitory in nature. This project will offer a critical test of these conclusions and provide some of the first analyses of trends in class segregation. In addition, it will answer questions about the processes of residential change based on spatial analyses of neighborhoods. First, which group members lived in co-ethnic neighborhoods and how did social mobility and acculturation translate into living outside of these enclaves for different groups, in different kinds of cities, and in different decades)? For this purpose neighborhoods will be defined as combinations of enumeration districts based on spatial dependence in social composition. Neighborhoods, then, are expected to vary in location and scale over time as settlement patterns evolve. Second, how do neighborhoods change, particularly in relation to the invasion/succession process that has been documented for much of the 20th Century ? the phenomenon of native (3+ generation) whites deserting neighborhoods when blacks and immigrants began arriving. Were there tipping points of racial and ethnic change in the early decades of the century, and if so did the extent of white native flight differ according to the race and ethnicity of new arrivals?Broader Impacts These questions will be addressed using 100% samples of residents of ten cities in each decade, aggregated to small areas (enumeration districts) and mapped within a GIS system. The data and maps will be made available for public use via a web-based map browser and also shared through direct download. This study is highly relevant to major contemporary social concerns. Black ghettoization anchored patterns of racial segregation, and processes of immigrant spatial assimilation have been renewed as Hispanics and Asians have become the fastest growing population groups in the nation. It is essential to understand the precedents for these processes in order to have realistic expectations about the current situation.