Biomechanics and Neural Control of Ballistic Tongue Projection

弹道舌投射的生物力学和神经控制

• 批准号: 0215438
• 负责人: Kiisa Nishikawa
• 金额: $ 11.67万
• 依托单位: Northern Arizona University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2002
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2002-09-01 至 2004-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0215438&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Biomechanics; Neural; Control; Ballistic; Tongue

New insights in biology have often come from studies of animals that exhibit some extreme of performance. In such animals, principles of function common to all animals are exaggerated, and are therefore observed and studied more readily. Ballistic tongue projection in toads represents one such extreme of performance. During ballistic tongue projection, toad tongues can be projected from the mouth at accelerations exceeding 2000 m/s2. Previous and ongoing research in our laboratories has focused on elucidating the mechanisms by which the mouth opening muscles of toads produce the power required for this extremely rapid movement.During ballistic tongue projection, the mouth opening muscles of toads are activated for about 200 ms prior to rapid mouth opening. Inspired by this pattern of activation, the investigators developed a novel technique to quantify the in vivo force-velocity behavior of this muscle. The technique is similar to the well known quick-release or load-clamp techniques. The insertion of a muscle is attached to a dual servo motor force-lever, preserving the in vivo origin and line of action of the muscle. A stimulator is programmed to preactivate the muscle tetanically for a given time against a load that prevents the muscle from shortening. The force-lever is then released instantaneously to some smaller load that is varied systematically. The smaller the load, the greater the velocity of shortening.Preactivated isotonic force-velocity and power curves were constructed using data collected from these experiments, an innovation of this laboratory. The investigators have demonstrated that 200 ms preactivation increases the shortening velocity, and therefore the power output, of the mouth opening muscles of toads by about twenty-fold. They further showed that 200 ms preactivation increased the power output of a frog hind limb muscle by the same factor. These results suggest that enhancement of muscle power by isometric preactivation is likely a fundamental, though previously unknown, property of skeletal muscle.Both jaw and hind limb muscles shorten rapidly when clamped to smaller loads after 200 ms preactivation, and reach final velocity in a very short period of time (3-8 ms), which increases with increasing load. At the instant of release when the muscle is shortening rapidly, the force of shortening (F) is equal to mv/t, where m = the mass of that part of the muscle that is shortening plus the external load, v = the observed shortening velocity, and t = the time required to reach the observed velocity. The shorter the time required to reach a given velocity, the greater the force at the time of release. The present results demonstrate that the force of shortening increases substantially when muscles are preactivated compared to standard isotonic tests. The proposed studies will permit validation of this new technique, and quantification of the effects of preactivation on the force-velocity behavior of other muscles. This novel method has the potential to significantly impact the field of muscle physiology, and to inform our basic understanding of the mechanism of contraction in striated muscle.

生物学的新见解通常来自对表现出某种极端表现的动物的研究。在这些动物中，所有动物共有的功能原理被夸大，因此更容易观察和研究。蟾蜍的弹道舌头投射代表了这样一种极端的表现。在弹道舌头投射过程中，蟾蜍舌头可以以超过 2000 m/s2 的加速度从嘴中伸出。我们实验室之前和正在进行的研究重点是阐明蟾蜍张口肌肉产生这种极快运动所需动力的机制。在弹道舌头投射过程中，蟾蜍的张口肌肉在快速张嘴之前被激活约 200 毫秒。受这种激活模式的启发，研究人员开发了一种新技术来量化该肌肉的体内力-速度行为。该技术类似于众所周知的快速释放或负载钳技术。肌肉的插入连接到双伺服电机力杆，保留肌肉的体内起源和作用线。刺激器被编程为在给定时间内预激活肌肉强直，以对抗防止肌肉缩短的负载。然后，力杆立即释放到一些系统变化的较小负载上。负载越小，缩短速度越大。利用从这些实验中收集的数据构建了预激活等渗力-速度和功率曲线，这是该实验室的一项创新。研究人员已经证明，200 毫秒的预激活可以使蟾蜍张口肌肉的缩短速度提高约 20 倍，从而使功率输出提高约 20 倍。他们进一步表明，200 毫秒的预激活可以使青蛙后肢肌肉的功率输出增加相同的倍数。这些结果表明，通过等长预激活增强肌肉力量可能是骨骼肌的一个基本特性，尽管之前未知。在预激活 200 毫秒后，当夹至较小的负载时，下颌和后肢肌肉会迅速缩短，并在很短的时间内（3-8 毫秒）达到最终速度，并随着负载的增加而增加。在肌肉快速缩短的释放瞬间，缩短的力 (F) 等于 mv/t，其中 m = 正在缩短的肌肉部分的质量加上外部负载，v = 观察到的缩短速度，t = 达到观察到的速度所需的时间。达到给定速度所需的时间越短，释放时的力就越大。目前的结果表明，与标准等渗测试相比，当肌肉被预激活时，缩短的力量显着增加。拟议的研究将验证这项新技术，并量化预激活对其他肌肉的力-速度行为的影响。这种新颖的方法有可能对肌肉生理学领域产生重大影响，并有助于我们对横纹肌收缩机制的基本理解。