MRI: Development of Integrative Instrumentation for A Nation-Wide Power System Frequency Dynamics Monitoring Network

电力系统机电动力学和振荡的特性是复杂的，它们是大多数主要系统扰动的组成部分。了解这些特性对于防止灾难性故障和停电至关重要。到目前为止，整个美国电力系统在干扰期间的行为的全貌还没有得到很好的理解。我们所拥有的任何信息都来自计算机模拟，这些模拟会受到模型错误和简化的影响。非线性负载的完整模型是不可用的，尽管他们在系统动力学中发挥的关键作用。最重要的是，没有模型可以捕捉电力系统运行条件的时变性质在很长的时间跨度。系统频率（及其变化率）是衡量电力系统行为的重要指标之一。迄今为止，个别频率测量仅限于本地使用，不具有系统级分析所需的精度和同步性。本项目提出开发以电力系统动态测量、分析和控制为研究重点的广域频率监测网络（FNET）的仪器。所提出的综合仪器具有以下独特的功能：（1）相量测量技术将用于精确的动态频率计算，（2）全球定位系统（UPS）同步时间脉冲将驱动数据采样和时间戳。(3)全国范围的系统频率信息将从可能选择的数百个站点收集，以满足可观测性标准。(4)互联网将促进持续的数据收集和结果传播。(5)测量将在110伏单相电源插座处进行，并配备建议的频率记录装置（FRU）。在这里，一个关键的创新是在110 V水平进行测量，以避免高压变电站安装中的许多障碍。这将降低总体成本，并使测量能够在许多地点轻松灵活地进行。拟议的仪器开发工作包括设计和开发基于GPS/互联网的频率监测网络（FNET），其中包括（1）频率记录单元（FRU）的开发。(2)信息管理系统（IMS）的设计;（3）实时和离线数据处理算法的开发。FNET的新观测结果可能会将电力系统研究提升到一个全新的水平。对这一现象的清楚理解将导致对系统停电的创新对策，并在放松管制的环境下提高国家关键电力系统基础设施的可靠性。借助第一手FNET测量数据，人们对复杂的电力系统动态特性有了更多的了解，从而有可能设计早期预警系统，并在选定的点启动控制措施，以抑制系统振荡，防止灾难性的电力系统故障。FNET为大型电力系统行为的“世界”打开了一扇新的窗口。这种教育和培训信息在以前是不可能的。

AbstractThe characteristics of power system electromechanical dynamics and oscillations are complex and they are an integral part of most major system disturbances. Understanding these characteristics is essential for preventing catastrophic failures and blackouts. Until now, the complete picture of how the entire US power system behaves during disturbances is not well understood. Any information we have is from computer simulations that are subject to model errors and simplifications. Complete models for nonlinear loads are not available despite the critical roles they play in system dynamics. Most of all, no model could capture the time varying nature of power system operational conditions over long time spans. System frequency (and its rate of change) is one of the most important measures of the electric power system behavior. Individual frequency measurements made so far are meant for limited local use and do not have the accuracy and synchronization necessary for system level analysis.This project proposes to develop instrumentation for a wide-area frequency monitoring network (FNET) with research focus on power system dynamics measurement, analysis, and control. The proposed integrative instrumentation has the following unique features: (1) Phasor Measurement techniques will be used for precise dynamic frequency calculations, (2) Global Positioning System (UPS) synchronized time pulses will drive data sampling and time stamps. (3) Nation-wide system frequency information will be collected from potentially hundreds of sites chosen to satisfy observability criteria. (4) Internet will facilitate continuous data collection and results dissemination.(5) Measurements will be taken at 110Volt single-phase power outlets with the proposed frequency recording units (FRUs). Here, one crucial innovation is to make measurement at the 1 1OV level to avoid many obstacles in high voltage substation installations. This will reduce overall cost and enable measurements to be made easily and flexibly at many locations.The proposed instrumentation development work includes design and development of a GPS/Internet based frequency monitoring network (FNET) that includes (1) frequency recording unit (FRU) development. (2) information management system (IMS) design, and (3) both real-time and offline data processing algorithm development.For the first time, the proposed FNET will make the global observation of the vast power network behavior possible. New observations from FNET could take the power system research to an entirely new level. A clear understanding of the phenomena will lead to innovative counter-measures against system blackouts, and increased reliability of nation's critical electric power system infrastructure under the deregulated environment. As more understanding of the complex power system dynamics is gained with the help of the first-hand FNET measurement data, it may be possible to devise early warning systems and activate control actions at selected points to damp system oscillations and prevent catastrophic power system failures.FNET opens a new window to the "world" of large power system behavior. Such information for education and training was never possible before.