Coping with Community-Based and Personal Trauma: National Response Following September 11th

应对社区和个人创伤：9 月 11 日之后的国家应对措施

• 批准号: 0215937
• 负责人: Roxane Silver
• 金额: $ 35万
• 依托单位: University of California-Irvine
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2002
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2002-09-15 至 2005-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0215937&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Coping; Community; Based; Personal; Trauma

At some point in their lives, most people encounter stressful events that can have a major impact on the course and direction of their lives. However, after decades of research, it is clear that many assumptions held in society about how individuals respond to life's traumas have not survived empirical test. For example, in contrast to widely held myths about the coping process, the data fail to demonstrate universal reactions to stressful life events. Despite the popular belief that emotional and cognitive responses to stress follow a clear pattern, there is little empirical evidence for an orderly sequence of stages of response. Understanding the general process of coping will be enhanced through examination of group and individual differences, as well as similarities, in response to a variety of negative life experiences.The principal investigator started a longitudinal investigation of early emotional, cognitive, and social responses to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Using an anonymous Web-based survey methodology, stress and coping data were collected from a large nationally representative sample of adults and adolescent/parent dyads (with an over-sampling from 4 cities that have experienced community-based trauma: New York City, Oklahoma City, Miami, and Littleton, CO) at 9-14 days, two months, and six months following September 11. This project continues the prospective study, following the sample with four specific aims: 1) To investigate the psychological and social processes that help explain individual differences in response to a national traumatic event; 2) To identify early predictors of long-term adjustment to both the 9/11 attacks and subsequent events that may occur; 3) To compare responses to the 9/11 events among individuals who have previously experienced a traumatic event (either personally or in their communities) with those who have not previously encountered trauma; and 4) To investigate prospectively the psychological and social processes that help explain variation in response to various stressful life events more generally.The unparalleled nationwide impact of the September 11th attacks, coupled with the large and representative nature of the existing national sample and the early collection of emotional, cognitive and social responses to these events, provides a remarkable opportunity to examine longitudinally how individuals and communities respond to stressful life events more generally. Such an examination can be conducted without several specific methodological limitations that have plagued prior research (e.g., small or demographically homogenous samples). Information collected in this effort can illuminate the coping process more generally so as to advance future conceptual work in this area. Moreover, it can further the understanding of the unique needs of traumatized individuals and provide information to help identify individuals at risk for subsequent difficulties. With these data in hand, educational and intervention efforts that are designed and implemented among health care professionals and the community at large can be better informed, more cost-effective and more sensitive to the needs of the populace.

在他们生活中的某个时刻，大多数人都会遇到压力事件，这些事件会对他们的生活过程和方向产生重大影响。然而，经过几十年的研究，很明显，社会上关于个人如何应对生活创伤的许多假设都没有通过经验检验。例如，与关于应对过程的广泛神话相反，数据未能证明对压力生活事件的普遍反应。尽管人们普遍认为，对压力的情绪和认知反应遵循一个明确的模式，但很少有经验证据表明反应阶段的顺序。通过对群体和个体差异以及相似性的研究，将增强对应对各种负面生活经历的一般过程的理解。首席研究员开始了对2001年9月11日恐怖袭击事件的早期情绪，认知和社会反应的纵向调查。使用匿名的基于网络的调查方法，压力和应对数据是从一个大型的全国代表性样本的成年人和青少年/父母二人组（从4个城市，经历了社区为基础的创伤：纽约市，俄克拉荷马州市，迈阿密，和利特尔顿，CO）在9-14天，两个月，六个月后收集的。本研究延续了前瞻性研究的模式，主要有以下四个目的：1）调查心理和社会过程，以帮助解释个体在应对国家创伤事件时的差异; 2）确定对9/11袭击和随后可能发生的事件的长期适应的早期预测因素; 3）比较先前经历过创伤性事件的个人对9/11事件的反应（无论是个人还是在他们的社区）与那些以前没有遇到过创伤的人; 4）前瞻性地调查有助于解释更普遍地对各种压力性生活事件反应的变化的心理和社会过程。9·11恐怖袭击在全国范围内造成的无与伦比的影响，再加上现有国家样本的规模和代表性，以及对这些事件的情感、认知和社会反应的早期收集，为纵向研究个人和社区如何更普遍地对压力性生活事件作出反应提供了一个极好的机会。 这样的检查可以在没有困扰先前研究的几个特定方法限制的情况下进行（例如，小的或人口统计学上同质的样本）。在这项工作中收集的信息可以更普遍地说明应对过程，以推动这一领域今后的概念工作。此外，它还可以进一步了解受创伤者的特殊需要，并提供信息，帮助确定有可能在以后遇到困难的个人。有了这些数据，在卫生保健专业人员和整个社区中设计和实施的教育和干预工作可以更好地了解情况，更具成本效益，对民众的需求更加敏感。