A National Longitudinal Study of Community Trauma Exposure

全国社区创伤暴露纵向研究

• 批准号: 1451812
• 负责人: Roxane Silver
• 金额: $ 33.34万
• 依托单位: University of California-Irvine
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-01-01 至 2020-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1451812&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: National; Longitudinal; Study; Community; Trauma

Community-based traumas are pandemic and recurring, profoundly taxing individual well-being and societal resources. Yet surprisingly few studies have considered how cumulative exposure to collective and individual stressors may contribute to patterns of adjustment over time. Effects of community traumas can span physical boundaries as well as temporal boundaries, with widespread media coverage transmitting a trauma's impact far beyond the directly exposed population, and challenging the traditional view of trauma exposure. Designing and implementing research on collective traumas requires overcoming formidable scientific and logistical challenges resulting from the fundamental unpredictability of these events. Previous studies that have examined adjustment to community traumas usually involve recalling events long after it occurred, making it difficult to disambiguate the effects of trauma on subsequent adjustment. To be able to draw more solid conclusions about long-term trauma reactions requires having a large sample in which information about pre-event mental and physical health, and baseline assessments of psychological responses have been collected during the acute period of trauma response. The proposed work provides such an opportunity by leveraging the investigators' previous research following a large representative sample for which health and trauma exposure was collected. As a result, the proposed work provides a remarkable opportunity to examine how individuals respond over an extended period of time to repeated direct and indirect exposure to terrorism and other individual and collective traumas.Previous work by the investigators involved conducting a large, nationally representative longitudinal study (including oversampling of Boston and New York areas) in which individuals were surveyed immediately after a traumatic collective trauma, the Boston Marathon Bombings (BMB), and at two additional times, on the 6- and 12-month anniversaries of the BMB. The proposed work provides a unique opportunity to collect two additional waves of data on this sample in order to track ongoing direct and indirect exposure to individual and collective stressors, and their role in adjustment, over time. The research has three primary aims: 1) To investigate prospectively how different types of trauma exposure (i.e., direct vs. indirect media-based) are associated with patterns of long-term adjustment after collective stress (e.g., the BMB); 2) To investigate whether cumulative exposure to prior individual or collective traumas sensitizes individuals to or inoculates them against the negative consequences of subsequent events; and 3) To investigate prospectively the extent to which post-BMB trauma exposure (e.g., direct, indirect, individual, collective) explains predicted associations between acute BMB-related stress response and adjustment over time. This research will advance knowledge of how individuals cope with collective traumas and highly stressful events, furthering understanding of the unique needs of individuals traumatized by terrorism, both directly, and indirectly, via exposure to media coverage. Such work will provide information to help identify those at risk for subsequent difficulties following major traumatic events. Moreover, the work has important implications for informing the theory and practice of preparing people for collective traumas and helping them cope with the aftermath. These findings will also add to the foundation of knowledge for helping policymakers, service providers, and community leaders design educational and intervention efforts that are cost-effective and sensitive to the needs of the populace.

基于社区的创伤是一种流行病，经常发生，对个人福祉和社会资源造成巨大负担。然而，令人惊讶的是，很少有研究考虑到集体和个人压力源的累积暴露如何随着时间的推移而影响调整模式。社区创伤的影响可以跨越物理边界和时间边界，广泛的媒体报道传播创伤的影响远远超出了直接暴露的人群，并挑战了创伤暴露的传统观点。设计和实施关于集体创伤的研究需要克服这些事件的根本不可预测性所带来的巨大的科学和后勤挑战。以前的研究已经检查了适应社区创伤通常涉及回忆事件发生后很久，很难消除创伤对后续调整的影响。为了能够得出关于长期创伤反应的更可靠的结论，需要有一个大样本，其中有关事件发生前的心理和身体健康的信息，以及在创伤反应的急性期收集的心理反应的基线评估。拟议的工作提供了这样一个机会，利用调查人员以前的研究后，一个大的代表性样本的健康和创伤暴露收集。因此，拟议的工作提供了一个绝佳的机会，可以审查个人如何在很长一段时间内对反复直接和间接接触恐怖主义以及其他个人和集体创伤作出反应。全国代表性纵向研究（包括波士顿和纽约地区的过度抽样），其中个人在创伤性集体创伤后立即接受调查，波士顿马拉松爆炸案（BMB），另外两次是在BMB成立6个月和12个月纪念日。拟议的工作提供了一个独特的机会，收集关于这一样本的另外两波数据，以跟踪个人和集体压力源的持续直接和间接暴露及其在调整中的作用。该研究有三个主要目的：1）前瞻性地调查不同类型的创伤暴露（即，直接与间接基于媒体）与集体压力后的长期调整模式相关（例如，BMB）; 2）调查先前个体或集体创伤的累积暴露是否使个体对随后事件的负面后果敏感或对其接种;以及3）前瞻性地调查BMB创伤后暴露（例如，直接、间接、个体、集体）解释了急性BMB相关的应激反应和随时间的调整之间的预测关联。 这项研究将增进对个人如何科普集体创伤和高度紧张事件的了解，进一步了解直接和间接受到恐怖主义创伤的个人通过媒体报道的独特需求。这项工作将提供信息，帮助查明那些在重大创伤事件后有可能出现后续困难的人。此外，这项工作对于为人们准备集体创伤并帮助他们科普后果的理论和实践提供信息具有重要意义。这些研究结果还将为帮助决策者、服务提供者和社区领导人设计具有成本效益和对民众需求敏感的教育和干预措施奠定知识基础。