Discrimination of Paternal Kin in Wild Chimpanzees

野生黑猩猩的父系亲属歧视

• 批准号: 0452315
• 负责人: Anne Pusey
• 金额: $ 26.72万
• 依托单位: University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-02-15 至 2009-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0452315&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Discrimination; Paternal; Kin; Wild; Chimpanzees

This project investigates whether wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) recognize and treat paternal relatives differently from other individuals. Kinship can have a profound effect on the social behavior of animals and humans. By helping and refraining from harming their kin, individuals will benefit through the process of kin selection by increasing their genetic representation in future generations. However, to achieve these benefits, individuals must be able to discriminate kin from non-kin. In group-living mammals such as primates, individuals have been shown to discriminate maternal kin from non-kin, grooming them, aiding them in aggressive contests, and avoiding mating with them, thus avoiding the deleterious consequences of inbreeding. Although individuals will also benefit by discriminating paternal kin, this ability could not be explored in wild populations until the recent advent of non-invasive genetic testing that can now identify paternal relatives. This study will investigate three questions about paternal kin discrimination in the chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania: (1) Do fathers discriminate and favor their genetic infants? (2) Do adolescent males that have left their mothers to join the adult male group preferentially associate with and receive protection from their fathers? (3) Do females discriminate and avoid mating with their fathers and paternal siblings as well as their maternal relatives? Genetic relationships will be established by analysis of genetic markers detected in DNA collected from fecal samples. Data on behavioral interactions will be extracted from the 44 year archive of field notes collected during Dr. Jane Goodall's study of the Gombe chimpanzees and stored in the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies at the University of Minnesota, as well as new field data collected during the project. Demonstration of paternal kin discrimination in chimpanzees will provide support for the general importance of kinship in social behavior, a matter of current debate. The study will fill an important gap in our understanding of the factors influencing the behavior of our closest living relative. Evidence of paternal kin discrimination in chimpanzees that live in patrilineally based societies will complement recent evidence from matrilineally based societies, extending the generality of the phenomenon. The study will also stimulate future research on the mechanisms involved in kin discrimination.In terms of its broader impact, the project will contribute to the education of both university students and the general public. It will employ both graduate and undergraduate students, actively recruited from underrepresented groups, and introduce them to the excitement of research on a species relevant to understanding human evolution. An interactive page on the Center for Primate Studies website www.discoverchimpanzees.org will allow the general public to read updates about ongoing field research and pose questions to the researchers. Web activities will be developed to explain kin selection, and paternity determination, and games will illustrate kin recognition, and inclusive fitness. Educational programs showcasing the project's research will also be developed with Lincoln Park Zoo (Chicago) and made available to Minnesota zoos. Research activities in Tanzania will employ and educate local people, and contribute to the conservation of an important endangered species.

本项目研究野生黑猩猩（类人猿）是否识别和对待父系亲属与其他个体不同。亲属关系可以对动物和人类的社会行为产生深远的影响。通过帮助和避免伤害他们的亲属，个体将在亲属选择的过程中受益，增加他们在后代中的遗传代表性。然而，为了获得这些好处，个人必须能够区分亲属和非亲属。在群体生活的哺乳动物中，如灵长类动物，个体已经被证明可以区分亲缘和非亲缘，为它们梳理毛发，在激烈的竞争中帮助它们，避免与它们交配，从而避免近亲繁殖的有害后果。尽管个体也会从辨别父系亲属中受益，但直到最近非侵入性基因检测的出现，这种能力才能在野生种群中得到探索，这种检测现在可以识别父系亲属。本研究探讨了坦桑尼亚贡贝国家公园黑猩猩父系亲缘歧视的三个问题：(1)父系亲缘歧视是否存在？(2)离开母亲加入成年雄性群体的青春期雄性是否优先与父亲交往并得到父亲的保护？(3)雌性是否歧视和避免与其父亲、兄弟姐妹以及母系亲属交配？遗传关系将通过分析从粪便样本中收集的DNA中检测到的遗传标记来确定。有关行为互动的数据将从Jane Goodall博士对贡贝黑猩猩的研究中收集的44年的实地记录档案中提取出来，这些记录保存在明尼苏达大学Jane Goodall研究所灵长类动物研究中心，以及项目期间收集的新的实地数据。黑猩猩父系亲属歧视的证明将为亲属关系在社会行为中的普遍重要性提供支持，这是目前争论的一个问题。这项研究将填补我们对影响人类近亲行为的因素的理解上的一个重要空白。父系社会中黑猩猩父系亲缘歧视的证据将补充最近来自母系社会的证据，扩大这一现象的普遍性。该研究也将激发对亲属歧视机制的进一步研究。就其更广泛的影响而言，该项目将有助于大学生和公众的教育。它将招收研究生和本科生，积极从代表性不足的群体中招募，并向他们介绍与理解人类进化相关的物种研究的兴奋。灵长类动物研究中心网站www.discoverchimpanzees.org上的一个互动页面将允许公众阅读正在进行的实地研究的最新情况，并向研究人员提出问题。将开发网络活动来解释亲缘选择和亲子鉴定，而游戏将说明亲缘识别和包容性适应性。展示该项目的研究成果的教育项目也将与林肯公园动物园（芝加哥）共同开发，并提供给明尼苏达州的动物园。坦桑尼亚的研究活动将雇用和教育当地人民，并有助于保护一种重要的濒危物种。