Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Inca Administration of the Peruvian North Coast. A View from Cerro Colorado.

在这篇论文项目中，桑多瓦尔女士将研究印加人在征服当地奇穆国家（Chimor）后对秘鲁北部海岸的控制的性质和强度。奇莫尔是在安第斯山脉对抗印加统治的最大和最强大的政体。在中后期（公元1000 - 1476年），它控制了整个北部海岸和部分中部海岸。它的继承者印加帝国，在其鼎盛时期横跨南美洲西部4000多公里，包括从北部的厄瓜多尔到南部的智利的领土。印加人采用灵活的策略来统治他们征服的广泛的社会。根据当地的社会和政治条件以及帝国的目标，这些策略从强大到松散的控制形式不等。在连续统一体的一端，直接统治是高度侵入性的，需要在管理、安全和物理基础设施方面进行大量投资。另一方面，间接规则倾向于宽松的控制形式，这是一种成本较低的选择。桑多瓦尔女士的研究将解决两个问题：印加人在多大程度上扰乱了当地的奇木行政基础设施？印加人对奇莫尔的统治是帝国内部直接统治还是间接统治的例子？考古学家传统上认为，印加对奇莫尔的统治是国家控制薄弱的一个典型例子，这是基于书面记录——即16世纪西班牙殖民编年史和法律和行政记录——以及对北海岸景观的表面考察，这几乎没有发现印加帝国主义的传统标志。在查尔斯·斯坦尼什（Charles Stanish）博士的指导下，桑多瓦尔女士将直接测试直接与间接控制的竞争模式，通过评估当地宴会组合和公共建筑（安第斯山脉传统的政治权威象征）在印加征服之后的潜在变化。她将通过在杰克特佩克河谷下游的塞罗科罗拉多遗址的考古发掘来收集这些数据。该遗址相对于主要的史前田野和Jequetepeque山谷的运河系统具有战略意义，并通过沿海印加公路与已知的印加中心相连。这项研究将为了解秘鲁北部海岸史前史的一个鲜为人知的时期提供见解。印加帝国是世界历史上规模最大、最复杂的前工业化国家之一。这项工作的数据将增强对太平洋沿岸印加帝国战略的当前认识，并作为比较人类学分析的案例研究。研究成果将通过在秘鲁和美国的学术期刊上发表、在专业会议上发表报告以及为当地居民提供西班牙语讲座等方式提供。这项研究还将为秘鲁和美国的考古学学生提供培训。

In this dissertation project, Ms. Zannie Sandoval will examine the nature and intensity of Inca control of the Peruvian north coast following the conquest of the native Chimu state (Chimor) ca. A.D. 1462 - 1470. Chimor was the largest and most powerful polity to contest Inca domination in the Andes. During the Late Intermediate Period (A.D. 1000 - 1476), it controlled all of the north coast and portions of the central coast. Its successor, the Inca empire, spanned over 4000 km of western South America at its height, encompassing territories from Ecuador in the north to Chile in the south. The Incas adopted flexible strategies to rule over the wide range of societies they conquered. These strategies ranged from strong to loose forms of control, depending on local social and political conditions and the goals of the empire. At one end of the continuum, direct rule was highly intrusive, and demanded heavy investment in administration, security, and physical infrastructure. At the other end indirect rule favored loose forms of control, a less costly alternative. Ms. Sandoval's research will address two questions: To what extent did the Incas disrupt the local Chimu administrative infrastructure? And, is the Inca domination of Chimor an example of direct or indirect rule within the Empire? Archaeologists have traditionally regarded the Inca domination of Chimor as a prime example of weak state control, based on written accounts - namely, sixteenth-century Spanish Colonial chronicles and legal and administrative records - and on surface-level examination of the north coast landscape, which has yielded few traditional markers of Inca imperialism. Under the supervision of Dr. Charles Stanish, Ms. Sandoval will directly test competing models of direct vs. indirect control by assessing potential changes in the local feasting assemblage and in public architecture - traditional symbols of political authority in the Andes - in the aftermath of the Inca conquest. She will collect these data through archaeological excavations at the site of Cerro Colorado in the lower Jequetepeque Valley. The site is strategically located relative to the major prehistoric field and canal systems of the Jequetepeque Valley, and connected to known centers with Inca components via the coastal Inca road. This research will provide insights into a poorly understood period in north coast Peruvian prehistory. The Inca empire ranks as one of the largest and most complex pre-industrial polities in world history. The data from this work will enhance current knowledge on Inca imperial strategies on the Pacific coast and serve as a case study for comparative anthropological analysis. Research findings will be accessible through publication in Peruvian and American academic journals, presentations in professional meetings, and lectures in Spanish for local residents. This research will also provide training to Peruvian and American archaeology students.