Interregional Trade and the Development of Archaic States

在国家科学基金会的支持下，查尔斯·斯坦尼什博士、迈克尔·莫斯利博士、瑞安·威廉姆斯博士和一个国际学者小组将在秘鲁南部的海岸和高地之间进行考古调查。 该小组由美国和秘鲁的研究人员组成，他们具有考古学，民族史和地理信息系统方面的专业知识，他们将评估最早的安第斯国家的贸易和交流的性质。 这次调查将考察位于秘鲁莫克瓜的古代蒂瓦纳库国的最有记载的殖民地与其位于玻利维亚的喀喀盆地的首都之间鲜为人知的地区。 这250公里的区域穿越了美洲一些最崎岖的地形，海拔超过5000米。 这项研究将集中在古代国家如何在公元500年至1000年这些政治首次出现时保持与遥远前哨的贸易路线。 该团队还准备将早期国家时期的道路和驿站等国家基础设施的投资与更知名的印加帝国以及之前的文化群体如Pukara和古代狩猎采集者进行比较。该团队将在两个拥有广泛牧场资源和历史十字路口的地区进行全面的考古调查。 他们还将调查从航空图像中检测到的大部分路径，以确定定居点及其使用日期。 他们的目标是确定正式的道路和小站是否是最早的国家基础设施的一部分，或者在蒂瓦纳库时期，只有连接分散定居点的非正式道路才是常态。 调查结果将告诉我们，最早的古代国家是如何设法扩张到心脏地带之外的，以及他们是如何在数百年的时间里与遥远的殖民地保持联系的。这项研究计划将为殖民企业与心脏地带的联系提供新的见解。 它创新了一种新的方法，使用计算机模型和地理网络分析来调查大型考古区域。 因此，该项目的学术价值将使研究人员能够研究古代国家如何整合其领土，并保持商品和服务的远距离流动。该研究的更广泛影响包括促进美国和秘鲁学者之间的国际合作，培训两国学生，以及通过两国的博物馆和公共宣传建立科学理解。 它将集中在秘鲁高原一个鲜为人知的地区，可能会产生许多新的研究方案和有待回答的问题。 它还将帮助我们更好地理解大规模人类社会之间的关系及其对环境的影响。

With National Science Foundation support, Drs. Charles Stanish, Michael Moseley, Ryan Williams, and an international team of scholars will conduct an archaeological survey between the coast and highlands of southern Peru. The team is constituted of U.S. and Peruvian researchers with expertise in archaeology, ethnohistory, and GIS who will assess the nature of trade and exchange in the earliest Andean states. The survey will examine the little known region between the best-documented colony of the ancient Tiwanaku state in Moquegua, Peru and its capital in the Titicaca Basin of Bolivia. This 250 kilometer zone crosses some of the most rugged terrain in the Americas, climbing over 5000 meters in elevation. The research will focus on how ancient states maintained trade routes with far flung outposts in the period between 500 and 1000 AD when these polities first emerged. It will also be poised to compare investments in state infrastructure like roads and way stations from the early state period with the better-known Inca empire as well as preceding cultural groups like Pukara and the archaic hunter-gatherers.The team will conduct full-scale archaeological survey around two areas with extensive pasture resources and at historical crossroads. They will also survey extensive portions of paths detected from aerial imagery to identify settlements and features that date their use. Their goal is to determine whether formal roads and way stations were part of the earliest state infrastructure, or if only informal paths connecting dispersed settlements was the norm during the Tiwanaku Period. The results of the survey will tell us how the earliest archaic states managed to expand beyond their heartlands and how they maintained connections with distant colonies over the course of hundreds of years.The research program will yield new insights into the ties that bind colonial enterprises to their heartlands. It innovates a new methodology that uses computer models and geographic network analysis to survey large archaeological regions. The intellectual merit of the program will thus enable researchers to examine how archaic states integrate their territories and maintain the flow of goods and services over long distances.The broader impacts of the study include fostering international collaboration between U.S. and Peruvian scholars, training students from both countries, and building scientific understanding through museums and public outreach in both nations. It will focus on a poorly understood area in the highlands of Peru that may yield many new research programs and questions to be answered. It will also help us to better understand the relationship between large-scale human societies and their impacts on environment.