Collaborative Research: The Ecological Context of Complex Society Emergence

合作研究：复杂社会出现的生态背景

• 批准号: 1916836
• 负责人: Charles Stanish
• 金额: $ 22.71万
• 依托单位: University of South Florida
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-07-01 至 2023-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1916836&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Ecological; Context; Complex

Paleoclimate research seeks to understand the role of environmental change on human society. Archaeological remains provide a long-term perspective on human-environment interaction not available from other sources. This project will contribute to this interdisciplinary field of science by reconstructing the cultural and environmental factors responsible for a 9000-year vegetation history of a valley in southern Peru. This information will allow scientists to model the effects of future climate change, human impact, and social responses to that change. This research began with a chance finding in 2012 during archaeological excavations in a floodplain in the Chincha valley of southern Peru. While excavating in a farm field near a 2300-year-old archaeological site to better assess prehistoric agricultural practices, researchers found evidence of wet and marshy conditions five kilometers from the ocean during the middle Holocene circa 7000 -1500 years ago. This was quite unexpected because archaeologists and paleo-climate specialists had assumed the area to have been open desert prior to human occupation. Previous scientific consensus was that the desert was irrigated around 3000 years ago by people using canals drawn from the deeply entrenched rivers that course through the valley. Additional work found similar patterns of hydromorphic (waterlogged) soils and evidence of the use of artificial drainage canals. Analyses of ancient seeds, pollen, plant microfossils, and diatoms (fossil algae) confirmed evidence of a lush landscape back to 9000 years ago that included plants such as cattails, sedges, and rushes. This project's systematic scientific research will confirm, modify, or reject the hypothesis of a paleo-wetland. The project incorporates students from two US universities who will work with students in Peru, thereby increasing cross-border training and seeding future collaboration. These early career researchers will learn advanced laboratory techniques to reconstruct past environments, including state-of -the-art techniques in ground-penetrating radar and archaeological methods. Stretching from Chile to California, the Pacific desert watershed is home to very dense human populations today and has provided favored locations to live for millennia. These areas are also some of the richest agricultural lands in the world. A full appreciation of their environmental and cultural histories is vital, not least because fresh water is the limiting factor in population growth and agricultural productivity. To properly understand the intricate history of vegetation, water, irrigation, geology, and human settlement, this project will obtain data from a representative swath of land in the entire Chincha Valley of coastal Peru. The vegetation, geological, and geomorphological history will be meticulously reconstructed. Project participants will measure the ground water levels over millennia. Correlations of cultural and environmental records with El Nino events, tsunamis, tectonic events, and other natural processes will shed light on the relationship between cultural adaptations and environmental change. Buried archeological sites and canals will be detected with ground-penetrating radar. At its conclusion, the project will provide a highly detailed understanding of the human-environment history of a key Pacific watershed drainage.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

古气候研究旨在了解环境变化对人类社会的作用。考古遗迹提供了从其他来源无法获得的关于人类与环境相互作用的长期视角。该项目将通过重建秘鲁南部山谷9000年植被历史的文化和环境因素，为这一跨学科的科学领域做出贡献。 这些信息将使科学家能够模拟未来气候变化的影响，人类的影响以及社会对这种变化的反应。 这项研究始于2012年在秘鲁南部Chincha山谷的洪泛平原进行考古发掘时的一次偶然发现。 在一个2300年历史的考古遗址附近的农田进行挖掘时，为了更好地评估史前农业实践，研究人员发现了大约7000 - 1500年前全新世中期距离海洋5公里处潮湿和沼泽条件的证据。这是非常出乎意料的，因为考古学家和古气候专家认为该地区在人类占领之前是开放的沙漠。 以前的科学共识是，大约3000年前，人们使用从穿过山谷的根深蒂固的河流中汲取的运河来灌溉沙漠。 进一步的工作发现了类似的水成（积水）土壤模式和使用人工排水渠的证据。 对古代种子、花粉、植物微化石和硅藻（藻类化石）的分析证实了9000年前的郁郁葱葱的景观的证据，其中包括香蒲、莎草和灯心草等植物。该项目的系统科学研究将证实、修正或否定古湿地假说。该项目吸纳了来自两所美国大学的学生，他们将与秘鲁的学生一起工作，从而增加跨境培训并为未来的合作奠定基础。 这些早期职业研究人员将学习先进的实验室技术来重建过去的环境，包括最先进的探地雷达和考古方法技术。从智利延伸到加州，太平洋沙漠流域是今天人口非常密集的家园，并提供了数千年的有利居住地。这些地区也是世界上最富饶的农业用地之一。 充分了解他们的环境和文化历史至关重要，尤其是因为淡水是人口增长和农业生产力的限制因素。为了正确了解植被、水、灌溉、地质和人类住区的复杂历史，本项目将从秘鲁沿海的整个钦察山谷的代表性地带获取数据。 植被、地质和地貌的历史将被精心重建。 项目参与者将测量数千年来的地下水位。 文化和环境记录与厄尔尼诺事件，海啸，构造事件和其他自然过程的相关性将揭示文化适应和环境变化之间的关系。 地下考古遗址和运河将用探地雷达探测。 在其结论，该项目将提供一个非常详细的了解人类环境的历史的一个关键的太平洋流域draining.This奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并已被认为是值得的支持，通过评估使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准。

项目成果

Una ofrenda Paracas en Cerro del Gentil, valle medio de Chincha

帕拉卡斯和让蒂尔山的乌纳奥弗伦达，钦查中部山谷

• DOI: 10.15381/is.v22i42.17482
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Investigaciones Sociales
• 作者: Tantaleán, Henry;Rodríguez, Alexis;Stanish, Charles
• 通讯作者: Stanish, Charles

La Cumbe: Un Centro Político-Religioso Paracas En El Valle De Chincha, Perú

La Cumbe：秘鲁钦查谷帕拉卡斯政治宗教中心

• DOI: 10.1080/00776297.2021.1898087
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Ñawpa Pacha
• 作者: Tantaleán, Henry;Stanish, Charles;Rodríguez, Alexis;Aragonéz, Irving
• 通讯作者: Aragonéz, Irving