Interregional Exchange and Early State Formation: Settlement Survey in the Ichupalla Valley, Southern Peru

在国家科学基金会的支持下，查尔斯·斯坦尼什博士将在玻利维亚高原的喀提卡卡盆地地区进行一次实地考古研究。在安第斯山脉这个高度不适宜居住的地区，几个史前社会达到了国家水平的社会复杂性，并将广大地区的大量个人纳入中央政治单位。斯坦尼什博士和许多考古学家对其中的因果过程很感兴趣。在公元前200年至公元400年间，普卡拉遗址成为喀提卡卡盆地的主要中心，并在约400年的时间里统治了该地区的大部分地区。1998年夏天，斯坦尼什博士和他的同事进行了一次调查，发现了第二个大型普卡拉定居点Hu-14，该地区控制着从安第斯高地向东进入热带低地的为数不多的几个通道之一。有人提出，在世界许多地区，对贸易的控制使集团能够获得可观的经济和政治回报，这反过来又会导致国家的发展。斯坦尼什博士认为，普卡拉可能就是这种情况。他现在将调查Hu-14附近的山谷，以确定那里是否也有重要的普卡拉存在。这些山谷包含了从安第斯山脉向东下降之前的最后一块肥沃的农田，重要的是要知道普卡拉人是否控制了这一地区，并从中获得了供应。斯坦尼什博士和他的同事们将进行一次地区定居点调查，确定地点的位置，并进行地面收集。由三到四名训练有素的考古学家组成的团队将在这片土地上相距10-25米。所有地点都将位于地形图和航空照片上；将采用全球定位系统坐标。详细数据将记录在标准化的现场表格中。将特别重视陶瓷的收集和分析，因为它们提供了占领时期的指示。在此基础上，将有可能重建聚落系统，并确定普卡拉占领的范围和性质。这项研究很重要，因为它将提供关于一个相对未知的考古地区的数据。它将为复杂社会是如何产生的这个问题提供新的线索。它还将帮助培养研究生。

With National Science Foundation support Dr. Charles Stanish will conduct one field season of archaeological research in the Titicaca Basin region of highland Bolivia. In this high inhospitable portion of the Andes several prehistoric societies reached state levels of social complexity and incorporated large numbers of individuals over broad regions into centralized political units. Dr. Stanish, along with many archaeologists, is interested in the causal processes. Between 200 CB and AD 400 the site of Pucara emerged as a principal center in the Titicaca Basin and for ca. 400 years dominated a large portion of this region. During the summer of 1998 Dr. Stanish and his colleagues conducted a survey and located a second large Pucara settlement, Hu-14, in a area which controls one of the few passes from the Andean highlands down into the tropical lowlands to the East. It has been suggested that in many regions of the world control over trade permits groups to obtain significant economic and political reward and this in turn leads to state development. Dr. Stanish postulates that such may be the case for Pucara. He will now survey the valleys near Hu-14 to determine if a significant Pucara presence is indicated there as well. These valleys contain the last rich agricultural lands before one descends eastwards from the Andes and it is important to know if Pucara peoples controlled this region and provisioned from it. Dr. Stanish and colleagues will conduct a regional settlement survey, locate sites and make surface collections. Crews of three-four trained archaeologists will walk 10 - 25 meters apart over the landscape. All sites will be located on topographic maps and air photographs; GPS coordinates will be taken. Detailed data will be recorded on a standardized field form. Particular emphasis will be placed on the collection and analysis of ceramics since these provide indication of period of occupation. On this basis it will be possible to reconstruct the settlement system and determine both the extent and nature of Pucara occupation.This research is important because it will provide data on a relatively unknown archaeological region. It will shed new light on the question of how complex societies arose. It will also assist in training of graduate students.