Interregional Exchange and Early State Formation: Settlement Survey in the Ichupalla Valley, Southern Peru

在国家科学基金会的支持下，查尔斯·斯坦尼什博士将在玻利维亚高原的喀喀盆地地区进行一次实地考古研究。在安第斯山脉这片荒凉的高地上，几个史前社会达到了社会复杂性的国家水平，并将广大地区的大量个人纳入中央集权的政治单位。斯坦尼什博士和沿着许多考古学家对因果过程感兴趣。公元200年至公元400年间，普卡拉遗址成为的的喀喀盆地的主要中心，并持续了约100年。400年来统治着这个地区的大部分地区。1998年夏天，斯坦尼什博士和他的同事进行了一次调查，找到了第二个大的普卡拉定居点，即Hu-14，该地区控制着从安第斯高地向东进入热带低地的少数几个通道之一。有人认为，在世界许多地区，对贸易的控制使集团能够获得重大的经济和政治回报，这反过来又导致国家的发展。斯坦尼什博士假设普卡拉可能就是这种情况。 他现在将调查胡-14附近的山谷，以确定是否有一个重要的普卡拉存在的迹象。这些山谷包含了从安第斯山脉向东下降之前最后一片肥沃的农业用地，了解普卡拉人是否控制了这一地区并从中获得了食物是很重要的。Stanish博士和他的同事们将进行一次区域定居点调查，定位地点并进行地表采集。由三四名训练有素的考古学家组成的工作人员将在景观上相隔10 - 25米步行。将在地形图和航空照片上确定所有场址的位置;将采用全球定位系统坐标。详细数据将记录在标准化字段表格中。特别强调的是陶瓷的收集和分析，因为这些提供了占领时期的指示。在此基础上，将有可能重建定居系统，并确定Pucara占领的范围和性质，这项研究是重要的，因为它将提供一个相对未知的考古地区的数据。它将为复杂社会的产生提供新的线索。它还将协助培训研究生。

With National Science Foundation support Dr. Charles Stanish will conduct one field season of archaeological research in the Titicaca Basin region of highland Bolivia. In this high inhospitable portion of the Andes several prehistoric societies reached state levels of social complexity and incorporated large numbers of individuals over broad regions into centralized political units. Dr. Stanish, along with many archaeologists, is interested in the causal processes. Between 200 CB and AD 400 the site of Pucara emerged as a principal center in the Titicaca Basin and for ca. 400 years dominated a large portion of this region. During the summer of 1998 Dr. Stanish and his colleagues conducted a survey and located a second large Pucara settlement, Hu-14, in a area which controls one of the few passes from the Andean highlands down into the tropical lowlands to the East. It has been suggested that in many regions of the world control over trade permits groups to obtain significant economic and political reward and this in turn leads to state development. Dr. Stanish postulates that such may be the case for Pucara. He will now survey the valleys near Hu-14 to determine if a significant Pucara presence is indicated there as well. These valleys contain the last rich agricultural lands before one descends eastwards from the Andes and it is important to know if Pucara peoples controlled this region and provisioned from it. Dr. Stanish and colleagues will conduct a regional settlement survey, locate sites and make surface collections. Crews of three-four trained archaeologists will walk 10 - 25 meters apart over the landscape. All sites will be located on topographic maps and air photographs; GPS coordinates will be taken. Detailed data will be recorded on a standardized field form. Particular emphasis will be placed on the collection and analysis of ceramics since these provide indication of period of occupation. On this basis it will be possible to reconstruct the settlement system and determine both the extent and nature of Pucara occupation.This research is important because it will provide data on a relatively unknown archaeological region. It will shed new light on the question of how complex societies arose. It will also assist in training of graduate students.