PIRE: Bilingualism, mind, and brain: An interdisciplinary program in cognitive psychology, linguistics, and cognitive neuroscience

这个PIRE项目是三个美国和欧洲和亚洲的七个外国机构之间的合作，将调查双语的认知和神经后果，以了解学习和使用多种语言的方式。最近的行为和神经科学证据表明，双语者的两种语言之间的处理互动比以前认为的更广泛，即使双语者只使用一种语言也是如此。因此，双语科学提供了一种工具，可以揭示关于心智和大脑的基本原理，而在专注于单语者的研究中，这些原理是模糊的。双语研究的下一阶段需要国家和国际合作，以统一我们对双语思维和大脑的性质，双语语言发展的过程以及双语对认知的影响的理解。国际合作对于使用几种口语、书面语和手语的不同双语人群的无障碍环境至关重要。该奖项使具有共同研究目标和方法的国际合作者网络能够利用独特和互补的机会来研究人类语言的特性。利用跨学科和跨文化研究中固有的不同视角，将有助于建立一个世界级的研究背景，以调查双语科学，使研究结果的概括，并利用双语作为一种工具，调查语言的表征和处理在头脑和大脑。这个PIRE项目将汇集合作者的互补国际专业知识，研究用各种语言交流的双语者（例如，西班牙语、加泰罗尼亚语、威尔士语和汉语）。该项目的一个独特之处是美国和荷兰科学家的合作，探索聋人双模态双语的后果。美国国家科学基金会资助的Gallaudet大学的VL2学习科学中心是聋人学生教育和聋人相关主题研究的世界领导者，专注于视觉语言处理问题，将聋人读者视为使用手语进行交流但阅读书面语言的双语者。荷兰的研究人员还研究手语和手势，聋人识字发展和语音符号翻译，但使用不同的签名和书面语言。这些项目的融合为跨语言合作和培训提供了一个独特的机会，这在美国是不可能的。对双语研究的热情自然吸引了一群异常多样化的学生，科学家和研究参与者。这个项目将致力于利用这种兴奋，创造机会，扩大参与科学的研究参与者从广泛的年龄和语言能力，并由学生和研究人员从群体在科学代表不足。该PIRE项目将为学生和科学家提供培训和研究机会，如果没有国际合作就不可能，例如在国外进行研究，参加虚拟国际研讨会，发展和维持国际合作，以及由具有语言，识字和神经成像方面特定专业知识的工业合作伙伴进行培训。该项目还为不同人群的研究提供了机构机会，丰富了本科生，研究生和博士后培训，并增加了早期职业教师开发全球参与的研究项目的机会，并在跨学科合作中牢固地扎根。双语科学本质上是跨学科和跨文化的，该项目为参与的美国机构提供了加强国际办事处和活动的机会，开发调查工具以评估学生的国际经验，并为整合和加强跨学科单位的联系提供能量和协同作用。该项目将加强美国。通过国际培训，美国的科学资本在美国是无法获得的。美国的机构将受益于吸引国际访问研究人员和学生，以丰富其校园的国际化举措和文化。美国人口也越来越多地使用双语，人口和文化特征日益多样化，因此研究成果预计将远远超出学术界。美国项目合作伙伴包括宾夕法尼亚州立大学，Gallaudet大学（哥伦比亚特区），和耶鲁大学（CT）的哈斯金斯实验室。国际合作伙伴包括班戈尔大学ESRC双语理论与实践研究中心（班戈尔，英国），马克斯普朗克人类认知和脑科学研究所（莱比锡，德国），格拉纳达大学（西班牙格拉纳达），庞培法布拉大学（西班牙巴塞罗那），奈梅亨拉德布德大学（荷兰奈梅亨）、北京师范大学（中国北京）和香港大学（中国）。该项目由NSF国际科学与工程办公室和行为与认知科学部共同资助。

This PIRE project, a collaboration between three U.S. and seven foreign institutions in Europe and Asia, will investigate the cognitive and neural consequences of bilingualism to understand the ways in which multiple languages are learned and used. Recent behavioral and neuroscience evidence suggests that there is more extensive processing interaction between the two languages of a bilingual than previously thought, and this is true even when bilinguals are using only one language. Bilingual science therefore provides a tool for revealing fundamental principles about the mind and the brain otherwise obscured in research focused on monolinguals. The next stage of research on bilingualism calls for national and international collaborations to unify our understanding of the nature of the bilingual mind and brain, the process of bilingual language development, and the consequences of bilingualism for cognition. International collaboration is essential for accessibility to widely differing bilingual populations of several spoken, written, and signed languages. This award enables an international network of collaborators with common research goals and methods to exploit unique and complementary opportunities to investigate properties of human languages. Leveraging the diverse perspectives inherent in interdisciplinary and cross-cultural research will facilitate the establishment of a world-class research context for investigating bilingualism science, enable generalization of research findings, and exploit bilingualism as a tool for investigating the representation and processing of language in the mind and brain. This PIRE project will bring together the complementary international expertise of collaborators studying bilinguals who communicate in a variety of languages (e.g., Spanish, Catalan, Welsh, and Chinese). A unique feature of this project is the partnership of U.S. and Dutch scientists exploring the consequences of bimodal bilingualism in deaf people. The NSF-funded VL2 Science of Learning Center at Gallaudet University, a world leader in education for deaf students and research on topics related to deaf people, focuses on issues of visual language processing recognizing deaf readers as bilinguals using a signed language for communication yet reading a written language. Researchers in The Netherlands also study sign language and gesture, deaf literacy development, and speech-sign translation but using different signed and written languages. The convergence of these projects provides a unique opportunity for cross-linguistic collaboration and training that would not be possible in the U.S. alone.Enthusiasm for bilingualism research naturally draws an unusually diverse group of students, scientists, and research participants. This PIRE project will be committed to harnessing that excitement to create opportunities for broadening participation in science by research participants from a broad spectrum of ages and linguistic abilities, and by students and researchers from groups under-represented in the sciences. This PIRE project will provide training and research opportunities to students and scientists not possible without the international collaboration, such as conducting research abroad, participating in virtual international colloquia, developing and sustaining international collaborations, and training by industrial partners with specific expertise in speech, literacy, and neuroimaging. The project also provides institutional opportunities for research with diverse populations, enriching undergraduate, graduate, and post-doctoral training, and increasing opportunities for early career faculty to develop research programs globally engaged and solidly grounded in cross-disciplinary collaborations. The nature of the science of bilingualism is inherently interdisciplinary and cross-cultural and this project provides opportunities for the participating U.S. institutions to strengthen international offices and activities, develop survey tools to evaluate student's international experiences, and provide energy and synergy for integration and for strengthening links across disciplinary units. This project will strengthen the U.S.'s scientific capital through international training not otherwise available in the U.S. U.S. institutions will benefit from attracting international visiting researchers and students to enrich the internationalizing initiatives and cultures on their campuses. The U.S. population is also increasingly bilingual with ever-diversifying demographic and cultural characteristics so research results are expected to reach well beyond academia.U.S. project partners include The Pennsylvania State University, Gallaudet University (D.C.), and Haskins Laboratories at Yale University (CT). International partners include ESRC Centre for Research on Bilingualism in Theory and Practice, Bangor University (Bangor, UK), the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences (Leipzig, Germany), Universidad de Granada (Granada, Spain), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona, Spain), Radboud University Nijmegen (Nijmegen, The Netherlands), Beijing Normal University (Beijing, China), and the University of Hong Kong (China). This project was jointly funded by NSF's Office of International Science and Engineering and the Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences.