RAPID: Learning from Earthquakes - Performance and Resilience Data from the March 2011 Tohoku, Japan Earthquake on Bridges, Buildings, and Government and Community Response

2011年3月11日，日本东北发生9.0级地震，随之而来的海啸令许多研究和从业人员感到惊讶。这种规模的地震没有预料到；日本海沟俯冲带被认为能够发生8.0级地震，但不会更大。早期的报道表明，考虑到这次地震的强度，建造的环境在地面震动中幸存下来。然而，海啸摧毁了海岸防御工事，并在日本东北海岸造成了广泛的破坏。此次事件对美国研究人员来说是一个重要的学习机会，原因是(1)此次事件与可能发生的卡斯卡迪亚俯冲带地震和海啸之间有许多相似之处，可能会影响美国西部沿海社区；(2)对于发达国家灾难性灾难的影响，目前尚缺乏了解，发达国家有许多为地震荷载而设计或改装的工程结构。美国和日本都是高度工业化和发达的经济体，其已建成的基础设施有许多共同点。这一快速反应研究(RAPID)奖建立在地震工程研究所(EERI)与日本研究人员和执业工程师的长期关系基础上，以组织从2011年事件中快速收集易腐烂数据和早期现场侦察为充分合作努力。获得该奖项支持的研究人员将直接与各自的日本同事合作进行实地调查，然后共同撰写报告。主要的合作组织是日本建筑研究所、京都大学灾害预防研究所和日本地震工程协会。为快速收集易腐烂的数据确定了三个研究主题：运输系统，特别是桥梁；工程建筑，包括大量改装结构和基地隔离等现代技术的使用；以及政府和社区在应急、社会资本、体制框架和重建等领域对这种非同寻常和复杂的灾难的反应。这次勘察的数据将用于增进以下方面的知识：地震桥梁改造和设计要求；带有保护系统的结构和混凝土和钢结构的抗震性能；以及灾难性事件的恢复、反应和恢复。勘察调查的结果将通过EERI的信息交换中心网站、发布在信息交换中心和EERI每月通讯插页中的简短研究摘要和网络广播，与更广泛的研究和地震工程实践社区广泛分享。

The 11 March 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku, Japan earthquake, with its ensuing tsunami, surprised many in the research and practicing professions. An earthquake of this size was not anticipated; the Japan Trench subduction zone had been assumed capable of a magnitude 8.0 earthquake but not much greater. Early reports indicate the constructed environment survived the ground shaking reasonably well given the magnitude of the event. However, the tsunami overpowered coastal defenses and caused wide-spread devastation along Japan's northeast coast. This event is an important learning opportunity for U.S. researchers due to (1) the many similarities between this event and a possible Cascadia subduction zone earthquake and tsunami that could affect western U.S. coastal communities and (2) the paucity of knowledge currently available on the effects of a catastrophic disaster in a developed country with many engineered structures designed or retrofitted for earthquake loads. The U.S. and Japan are both highly industrialized and advanced economies with many commonalities in their built infrastructure. This Rapid Response Research (RAPID) award builds on the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute's (EERI) long-term relationships with Japanese researchers and practicing engineers to organize the rapid collection of perishable data and early field reconnaissance from this 2011 event as a fully collaborative effort. Researchers supported on this award will team directly with respective Japanese colleagues to undertake field investigations followed by jointly authored reports. The primary collaborating organizations are the Architectural Institute of Japan, the Disaster Prevention Research Institute at Kyoto University, and the Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering. Three research themes have been identified for the rapid collection of perishable data: transportation systems, particularly bridges; engineered buildings, including the large inventory of retrofitted structures and use of modern technologies such as base isolation; and government and community response, in the areas of emergency response, social capital, institutional frameworks, and rebuilding, for a disaster of this extraordinary scale and complexity. The data from this reconnaissance will be used to advance knowledge in seismic bridge retrofit and design requirements; seismic performance of structures with protective systems and concrete and steel buildings; and resilience, response, and recovery for a catastrophic event. Findings from the reconnaissance investigations will be shared widely with the broader research and practicing earthquake engineering community through EERI's clearinghouse web site, short research summaries posted on the clearinghouse and in inserts to the EERI monthly newsletter, and a web cast.