RAPID: Learning from Earthquakes - Performance and Resilience Data from the March 2011 Tohoku, Japan Earthquake on Bridges, Buildings, and Government and Community Response

2011年3月11日，日本东北地区发生9.0级地震，随之而来的海啸令许多研究和实践专业人士感到惊讶。这种规模的地震是没有预料到的；日本海沟俯冲带被认为有可能发生8.0级地震，但不会大得多。早期的报告表明，考虑到地震的震级，建筑环境在地面震动中相当好地幸存下来。然而，海啸摧毁了海岸防御，在日本东北海岸造成了广泛的破坏。这一事件对美国研究人员来说是一个重要的学习机会，因为(1)这一事件与可能影响美国西部沿海社区的卡斯卡迪亚俯冲带地震和海啸有许多相似之处；(2)对于一个发达国家的灾难性灾害的影响，目前可获得的知识很少，因为许多工程结构都是为地震荷载设计或改造的。美国和日本都是高度工业化的发达经济体，在基础设施建设方面有许多共同点。该快速反应研究（Rapid）奖建立在地震工程研究所（EERI）与日本研究人员和实践工程师的长期合作关系的基础上，以组织2011年地震事件中易腐数据的快速收集和早期现场侦察，这是一项全面的合作努力。获得该奖项的研究人员将直接与各自的日本同事合作进行实地调查，然后共同撰写报告。主要的合作组织是日本建筑研究所、京都大学的灾害预防研究所和日本地震工程协会。为快速收集易腐烂数据确定了三个研究主题：运输系统，特别是桥梁；工程建筑，包括大量的改造结构和使用现代技术，如基础隔离；政府和社区的反应，在紧急反应、社会资本、制度框架和重建等领域，应对如此大规模和复杂的灾难。这次勘测的数据将用于提高抗震桥梁改造和设计要求方面的知识；具有防护系统的结构及混凝土和钢结构的抗震性能；以及应对灾难性事件的韧性、反应和恢复。勘测调查的结果将通过EERI的信息交换所网站，在信息交换所和EERI每月通讯的插入部分发布简短的研究摘要，以及网络广播，与更广泛的研究和实践地震工程社区广泛分享。

The 11 March 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku, Japan earthquake, with its ensuing tsunami, surprised many in the research and practicing professions. An earthquake of this size was not anticipated; the Japan Trench subduction zone had been assumed capable of a magnitude 8.0 earthquake but not much greater. Early reports indicate the constructed environment survived the ground shaking reasonably well given the magnitude of the event. However, the tsunami overpowered coastal defenses and caused wide-spread devastation along Japan's northeast coast. This event is an important learning opportunity for U.S. researchers due to (1) the many similarities between this event and a possible Cascadia subduction zone earthquake and tsunami that could affect western U.S. coastal communities and (2) the paucity of knowledge currently available on the effects of a catastrophic disaster in a developed country with many engineered structures designed or retrofitted for earthquake loads. The U.S. and Japan are both highly industrialized and advanced economies with many commonalities in their built infrastructure. This Rapid Response Research (RAPID) award builds on the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute's (EERI) long-term relationships with Japanese researchers and practicing engineers to organize the rapid collection of perishable data and early field reconnaissance from this 2011 event as a fully collaborative effort. Researchers supported on this award will team directly with respective Japanese colleagues to undertake field investigations followed by jointly authored reports. The primary collaborating organizations are the Architectural Institute of Japan, the Disaster Prevention Research Institute at Kyoto University, and the Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering. Three research themes have been identified for the rapid collection of perishable data: transportation systems, particularly bridges; engineered buildings, including the large inventory of retrofitted structures and use of modern technologies such as base isolation; and government and community response, in the areas of emergency response, social capital, institutional frameworks, and rebuilding, for a disaster of this extraordinary scale and complexity. The data from this reconnaissance will be used to advance knowledge in seismic bridge retrofit and design requirements; seismic performance of structures with protective systems and concrete and steel buildings; and resilience, response, and recovery for a catastrophic event. Findings from the reconnaissance investigations will be shared widely with the broader research and practicing earthquake engineering community through EERI's clearinghouse web site, short research summaries posted on the clearinghouse and in inserts to the EERI monthly newsletter, and a web cast.