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Perspective-taking in Conversation

谈话中换位思考

基本信息

批准号：
1556700
负责人：
Sarah Brown-Schmidt
金额：
$ 33.4万
依托单位：
Vanderbilt University
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2016
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2016-08-01 至 2021-07-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1556700&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Perspective taking Conversation

项目摘要

Conversation among members of a group is a basic form of language use. It likely played a key role as languages evolved and it continues to play important roles in children's language acquisition and adult communication. Group communication is typical of a variety of high-stakes settings, including classroom education and business teams, yet surprisingly little is known about what makes communication in groups successful. One determinant of success is the ability to appreciate the perspective of the other person or people in the conversation. Basic communicative exchanges such as asking a question require calculations about what other people know. For example, if you want to know the answer to a question such as "Where is the gas meter?" it is first necessary to determine who is likely to know the answer in order to ask the appropriate person (e.g., a plumber is likely to know, but a young child is not). Keeping track of who knows what also allows us to navigate social relationships effectively. For example, if you once tell your friend "My son is getting married in June," it is usually communicating good news. If you repeat the same information to the same friend several times, it may instead signal anxiety, uncertainty, or disbelief. This project examines how people take into account the knowledge and perspective of other people in communicative settings and examines conversations among groups of three or more individuals, each of whom brings a different set of beliefs and knowledge to the conversation. Graduate and undergraduate students will have opportunities to participate in laboratory research and high school students and elderly individuals from the community will be involved in laboratory activities through community outreach programs. The results of studies on conversation will not only advance understanding of psychological and linguistic processes but can also be used to advance computer dialog systems (such as Siri). The proposed work uses methods established by the principal investigator to examine key open questions regarding language use in communicative settings. The idea is that conversational partners serve as contextual memory cues, supporting the partner-specificity of language use. This people-as-contexts (PAC) idea is used as a framework (1) to evaluate candidate hypotheses regarding the mechanisms supporting perspective-taking in multiparty conversation; (2) to test predictions concerning the binding of partners to language and generalization to new contexts; and (3) to examine how adaptation scales up to multiparty conversation. Predictions derived from the theory are tested in the domains of audience design and syntactic adaptation.

群体成员之间的对话是语言使用的一种基本形式。它可能在语言进化过程中发挥了关键作用，并继续在儿童的语言习得和成人交流中发挥重要作用。群体沟通是各种高风险环境的典型，包括课堂教育和商业团队，但令人惊讶的是，人们对群体沟通成功的原因知之甚少。成功的一个决定因素是在谈话中欣赏他人观点的能力。基本的沟通交流，比如问一个问题，需要计算其他人知道什么。例如，如果你想知道一个问题的答案，如“煤气表在哪里？“首先必须确定谁可能知道答案以便询问适当的人（例如，水管工可能知道，但小孩不知道）。跟踪谁知道什么也可以让我们有效地驾驭社会关系。例如，如果你曾经告诉你的朋友“我儿子六月结婚”，这通常是在传达好消息。如果你多次向同一个朋友重复同样的信息，这可能是焦虑、不确定或怀疑的信号。该项目研究人们如何在交流环境中考虑其他人的知识和观点，并研究三个或更多个人组成的小组之间的对话，每个人都为对话带来了不同的信念和知识。研究生和本科生将有机会参与实验室研究，高中生和社区老年人将通过社区外展计划参与实验室活动。对话研究的结果不仅将促进对心理和语言过程的理解，还可以用于改进计算机对话系统（如Siri）。拟议的工作使用的主要研究者建立的方法，以检查关键的开放性问题，在交际环境中的语言使用。这个想法是，会话伙伴作为上下文记忆线索，支持语言使用的伙伴特异性。这个人作为背景（PAC）的想法被用来作为一个框架（1）评估候选假设的机制，支持在多方对话中的观点采择;（2）测试预测合作伙伴的语言和泛化到新的背景下的绑定;（3）检查如何适应规模扩大到多方对话。从理论推导出的预测进行了测试，在受众设计和句法适应领域。