Building Capacity for Safer Post-disaster Shelter: Leveraging Local Understanding and Advanced Engineering Assessments

迫切需要通过更安全的设计和施工实践来提高社区在灾后更有效地恢复的能力。为了培养这种社区能力，灾后重建项目必须既协助建造更安全的住房，又加强当地对安全住房的了解。然而，目前很少有研究表明，这种援助是否真的能带来更安全的住房和改善社区建造更安全住房的能力。为了培养社区设计和建造安全住房的能力，本项目：(1)研究家庭如何看待其住房的安全性，认识到这些看法影响当地的设计和建造实践；(2)评估灾后避难场所在未来灾害事件中的工程性能；(3)比较感知和工程评估，以确定差异存在的内容和原因；(4)为协助救灾的非政府组织和政府组织创建一种沟通设计，将社会文化理解融入其中，以提高当地获得安全住所的能力。通过以多灾害的方式解决人类、灾害和建筑环境之间复杂的相互作用，该项目将减少对未来灾害事件的脆弱性，有助于提高社区的复原力和提高生活质量。它还解决了在脆弱社区建立更安全避难所的人道主义必要性，并为包括美国政府在内的组织和政府提供关键信息，以支持当地建立安全避难所的能力。本项目将分析波多黎各（应对2017年的“玛丽亚”飓风）和菲律宾（应对2013年的“海燕”台风和2017年的“奥尔莫克”地震）的15个社区和重建项目，以：(1)通过家庭调查评估当地对多种灾害中避难所安全的认识，包括影响这种认识的因果因素；(2)使用基于性能的工程方法评估各种灾后避难所类型的预期性能，以量化未来地震和风力事件中的安全性，开发可用于设计或评估的快速筛选工具；(3)通过比较工程评估与当地看法，找出感知和评估的避难所安全之间的冲突，以及这些冲突存在的原因；(4)为协助灾害应对的组织创建一个沟通设计，其中包含社会文化理解，以解决冲突并创建更安全的避难所。这项工作将涉及社区项目，其中一个组织为所有家庭设计和建造一个共同的住房设计，以及自我恢复，其中组织提供财政和其他援助，但住房设计各不相同。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

There is an urgent need to improve community capacity to recover more effectively after disasters through safer design and construction practices. To foster this community capacity, post-disaster reconstruction programs must both assist with the construction of safer shelters and enhance local understanding of safe shelter. Little research currently exists, however, on whether this assistance actually results in safer shelter and improved community capacity to build safer shelter. To foster community capacity for safe shelter design and construction, this project: (1) examines how households perceive the safety of their shelter, recognizing that these perceptions influence local design and construction practices; (2) assesses the engineering performance of the post-disaster shelters in future hazard events; (3) compares perceptions and engineering assessments to determine what and why discrepancies exist; and (4) creates a communication design for nongovernmental and governmental organizations assisting with disaster response that incorporates socio-cultural understanding to enhance local capacity for safe shelter. By addressing the complex interactions between humans, disasters, and the built environment in a multi-hazard approach, this project will reduce vulnerability to future disaster events, contributing to increased community resilience and improved quality of life. It also addresses both the humanitarian imperative to build safer shelters in vulnerable communities, and provide critical information for organizations and governments, including the U.S. government, in supporting local capacity for safe shelter. This project will analyze 15 communities and reconstruction programs in Puerto Rico (responding to 2017's Hurricane Maria) and the Philippines (responding to 2013's Typhoon Haiyan and 2017's Ormoc earthquake) to: (1) assess local understanding of shelter safety in multiple hazards, including causal factors influencing this understanding, through a household survey; (2) assess the expected performance of various post-disaster shelter typologies to quantify safety during future earthquake and wind events using performance-based engineering methods, developing a rapid screening tool that can be used in design or evaluation; (3) identify conflicts between perceived and assessed safety of shelter, and why these conflicts exist, by comparing engineering assessments with local perceptions; and (4) create a communication design for organizations assisting with disaster response that incorporates socio-cultural understanding to address conflicts and create safer shelter. The work will address both community programs, wherein an organization designs and builds a common shelter design for all households, and self-recovery, wherein organizations provide financial and other assistance, but shelter designs vary.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.