Global analysis of stratification impacts on seabirds through food resources

全球变暖正在通过改变海洋生境影响世界海洋，但对海洋生物的影响因海洋区域而异。可以解释这些观测结果的一个因素是，海洋表面沃茨比更深的沃茨变暖得更快。温度差异可能成为混合的物理障碍，从而阻碍深层营养物质到达阳光照射的表面，在那里它们被海洋植物用于光合作用。由于混合减少，海洋上层的生产力可能会降低，这反过来可能会影响对社会具有经济和文化（生态）价值的海洋鱼类，鸟类和哺乳动物种群。为了进行这项研究，研究人员正在使用现有的长期数据来研究海洋变暖对浮游生物，小鱼丰度以及世界各地海洋鸟类繁殖成功的影响。他们正在开发数学关系，以了解不同深度的海洋变暖与浮游生物，鱼类和鸟类生产力的关系。结果将提供关键信息，以选择哪些海鸟物种可能最适合作为地球仪不同生态系统变化的生态指标，因此对远程海洋监测具有影响。该项目将为即将发表的联合国评估报告提供新的科学认识，并通过以海雀和企鹅等受欢迎的海鸟为中心的宣传材料，提高公众对海洋健康的认识。海洋热分层是决定世界海洋上层区初级生产力的一个重要因素。最近的一项全球分析表明，在上层区觅食的食鱼海鸟的繁殖力呈下降趋势，但尚未将分层现象的增加作为一个解释因素加以研究。这个项目的主要目标是测试的假设，海鸟物种群体的反应，通过对上层食物资源的可用性和/或猎物使用的鸟类分层的间接影响，增加热分层不同。研究人员正在测试的预测，热分层有最大的影响，以鱼为食，表面觅食物种的繁殖力。他们正在将一个新的全球海鸟生产力数据库与欧洲GLORYS模型提供的高分辨率热分层数据以及美国航天局的卫星叶绿素a数据相结合。他们正在使用广义线性混合模型来测试海鸟群体之间的变化，并使用结构方程模型来测试从分层到猎物可用性到海鸟生产力的直接和间接反应途径，重点关注北方和南半球海洋盆地的中高纬度生态系统。结果将提高海鸟如何应对有关海鸟生活史特征的根本差异增加热分层的理解。这项回顾性分析将增进对以不同猎物为食的海鸟以及世界海洋不同上层生境中的海鸟如何对最近分层现象的增加作出反应的了解。更广泛地说，这项研究将有助于深入了解上层海洋的物理变化如何通过食物资源的可用性影响捕食者。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为值得通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估。

Global warming is affecting the world’s oceans by altering marine habitats, yet the effects on marine life vary by ocean region. One factor that may explain these observations is that ocean surface waters have warmed faster than deeper waters. Temperature differences may act as a physical barrier to mixing, thereby impeding deeper nutrients from reaching the sunlit surface where they are used by ocean plants in photosynthesis. With less mixing, the upper layers of the ocean may have become less productive, which may in turn impact marine fish, bird, and mammal populations of economic and cultural (ecological) value to society. To conduct this study, the investigators are examining the effects of ocean warming by depth on the abundance of plankton, small fish, and the breeding success of marine birds across the world using existing long-term data. They are developing mathematical relationships to understand how ocean warming at various depths is linked to plankton, fish, and bird productivity. Results will provide key information for selecting which seabird species may be best suited as ecological indicators of change for different ecosystems across the globe, and therefore has implications for remote-ocean monitoring. The project will contribute new scientific understanding for upcoming United Nation assessment reports and enhance public awareness of ocean health through outreach materials centered on popular seabirds such as puffins and penguins. It will support early career and postdoctoral scientists.Ocean thermal stratification is an important factor determining primary productivity in epipelagic zones of the world’s oceans. A recent global analysis showed declining trends in the breeding productivity of fish-eating seabirds that forage in the epipelagic zone, but increasing stratification has yet to be investigated as an explanatory factor. The primary objective of this project is to test the hypothesis that seabird species groups vary in their responses to increasing thermal stratification through the indirect effects of stratification on epipelagic food resource availability and/or prey use by the birds. The investigators are testing the prediction that thermal stratification has the largest effect on breeding productivity of piscivorous, surface-foraging species. They are integrating a new global database on seabird productivity with high-resolution data on thermal stratification available from the European GLORYS model, as well as satellite-based chlorophyll-a data from NASA. They are using Generalized Linear Mixed Models to test for variation between seabird groups and Structural Equation Models to test direct and indirect pathways of response from stratification through prey availability to seabird productivity, focusing on mid-to-high latitude ecosystems across ocean basins in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Results will improve understanding of how seabirds respond to increasing thermal stratification in relation to fundamental differences in seabird life history traits. The retrospective analysis will advance knowledge of how seabirds that feed on different prey, and in different epipelagic habitats of the world’s oceans, have responded to recent increases in stratification. More generally, the study will contribute insight into how physical changes in the upper ocean affect predators through the availability of food resources.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.