Accelerator technology and particle therapy in Germany in the 20th century

该项目的目的是对当前直接感兴趣的治疗概念进行历史分析，即通过粒子疗法治疗癌症，以及伴随的研究技术，加速器技术。研究对象是导致粒子治疗的现状和技术实现的发展。从科学技术史的角度来审视它们。该项目考虑了国家资助的研究（大学，凯撒-威廉研究所，马克斯-普朗克研究所，主要研究机构）和工业研究，分析了其合作结构和战略，导致大规模技术的实施，这些技术是由高能物理学在医学的一个专门分支学科，放射肿瘤学中开发和应用的。从技术角度来看，加速器，如倍速加速器，回旋加速器，线性加速器和同步加速器，是感兴趣的对象。结合邻近学科的医学应用发展，如计算机、真空和高频技术将被纳入研究。关于放射肿瘤学，我们区分三个发展时期：1。技术建立的背景和早期时期(1895-ca。1955), 2。2 .紧凑型治疗系统的实施时期（1955-1980）；复杂治疗设施的时期（从1980年到现在）。本研究的出发点是Rolf Wideröe关于第一台正常工作的双级直线加速器（1928）的工作和他关于圆形加速器的理论考虑。最后，在海德堡建立的欧洲第一个质子和重离子联合治疗设施以及马尔堡和基尔类似装置的问题和失败是感兴趣的对象。为了应对粒子治疗概念的复杂性，研究对象以五种叙述来表示：1 . x射线和电子治疗；快中子：从伯克利到伦敦到海德堡，3。质子治疗：癌症治疗的新机遇；IV.外来粒子：用于放射治疗的反物质和介子；V.重离子：GSI、HIT、Siemens、Marburg和Kiel。

The aim of the project is the historical analysis of a therapeutical concept of immediate interest in the present, the treatment of cancer by particle therapy, and the concomitant research technology, the accelerator technology. The objects of research are the developments leading to the current actuality and the technological realization of particle therapy. They are scrutinized from the perspective of history of science and technology. The project considers state-funded research (Universities, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institutes, Max-Planck-Institutes, major research institutions) and industrial research, analyzes the structure of its cooperativity and the strategies leading to the implementation of a large-scale technology developed and applied by high-energy physics in a dedicated subdiscipline of medicine, the radiooncology. From a technical point of view, accelerators, like betatrons, cyclotrons, linear accelerators and synchrotrons, are the objects of interest. In connection with medical applications developments in neighbouring subjects, like computer-, vacuum- and high frequency technology will be integrated in the study. With regard to radiooncology, we distinguish three periods of development: 1. background and early period of technological establishment (1895-ca. 1955), 2. a period of implementation of compact therapy systems (1955-1980), and 3. a period of complex therapy facilities (from 1980 to the present day). Starting point of the study is the work of Rolf Wideröe on the first properly functioning double-stage linear accelerator (1928) and his theoretical considerations about circular accelerators. Finally the establishment of the first combined proton and heavy ion therapy facility in Europe in Heidelberg and the problems and failure of similar units in Marburg and Kiel are the objects of interest. To cope with the complexity of the concept particle therapy, the object of investigation is represented in terms of five narratives: I. X-rays and electron therapy, II. Fast neutrons: From Berkeley to London to Heidelberg, III. Proton therapy: A new chance for cancer therapy, IV. Exotic particles: antimatter and pi-mesons for radiotherapy, V. Heavy ions: GSI, HIT, Siemens, Marburg and Kiel.