Organized violence, new migration patterns, and development: A comparative study in Europe and the Americas

了解国际移徙，特别是强迫移徙，对于国家和全球范围的发展和稳定越来越重要。自1990年代以来，人们对移徙与发展的关系进行了广泛研究。然而，在过去二十年中，有组织暴力已成为移徙与发展关系中的一个关键因素。在某些情况下，可以明确地将其确定为国际移徙进程(例如中美洲和中东的内战)的推波助澜因素。在其他地方，例如，在转型期国家，它可能与移民有榨取关系(例如，移民官员对移民实施有组织的勒索和人口贩运犯罪网络)。在入境国，有组织暴力似乎是非法就业网络、本土恐怖组织或政治团体(例如在美国和德国)的排外侵略。与此同时，这些关于暴力和移徙的不同表述反映了影响其结果的与发展有关的因素。有时，有组织暴力是缺乏可持续发展或争夺资源、政治权力或社会文化影响的武装冲突的结果；有时是缺乏发展或大规模移徙的原因。有组织暴力的概念为理解新的移徙模式和发展提供了一种很有希望的方法，但其解释潜力尚未得到足够的学术关注。作为一个类别，它涵盖了用有组织犯罪、集体暴力和政治暴力等传统概念框架难以把握的各种社会暴力形式。鉴于其对中美洲和北美区域以及非洲-中东-欧洲区域的重要性，综合不同区域背景和学术界的长处的国际比较研究是有利的。因此，本研究项目将比较和对比暴力的形式，特别是有组织的暴力，以及这些暴力如何影响移徙模式和发展。研究团队由两个机构合作伙伴组成：Lateinamerika-Institut of Freie Universityät柏林大学和Ruhr-Universityät Bochum，由Ludger Pries(RUB)和Stephanie Schütze(Fu)领导，作为主要研究员。这两个伙伴机构将与墨西哥墨西哥高等专科学校和瓜达拉哈拉大学、土耳其科萨大学和伊斯坦布尔东方研究所以及美国伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校的学者合作开展这一项目。

Understanding international migration and especially forced migration is of increasing importance for development and stability at both national and global scales. Since the 1990s, the nexus of migration and development has been studied extensively. However, during the last two decades organized violence has emerged as a key factor in the relation between migration and development. In some cases, it can be clearly identified as the fueling factor for international migration processes (e.g., civil wars in Central America and the Middle East). Elsewhere for example, in transition countries it might have an extractive relation with migration (e.g., migration officials operating organized extortion against migrants and criminal networks of human trafficking). In arrival countries, organized violence appears as illicit employment networks, homegrown terrorist cells, or xenophobic aggression by political groups (e.g, in the United States and Germany). At the same time, these different articulations of violence and migration reflect development-related factors that shape their outcome. Sometimes organized violence is an outcome of lack of sustainable development or of armed conflicts over resources, political power, or socio-cultural influence; at others it is the cause of absent development or massive migration. The concept of organized violence offers a promising approach for understanding new migration patterns and development, yet one whose explanatory potential has not yet received adequate scholarly attention. As a category, it captures forms of social violence that are difficult to grasp with the conventional conceptual frameworks of organized crime, collective violence, and political violence. Given its importance for the Central and Northern American region as well as the Africa-Middle-East-Europe region, a comparative international research integrating the strengths of different regional contexts and academic communities is propitious. Therefore, this research project will compare and contrast forms of violence, focusing in particular on organized violence, and how these shape migration patterns and development. The research team consists of two institutional partners: Lateinamerika-Institut of Freie Universität Berlin and Ruhr-Universität Bochum, headed by Ludger Pries (RUB) and Stephanie Schütze (FU) as principal investigators. The two partner institutions will collaborate in this project with scholars from El Colegio de México and Universidad de Guadalajara in Mexico, Koç University and Orien-Institut Istanbul in Turkey, and the University of Illinois at Chicago in the United States.