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The Conception of Knowledge and the Mentality of the Scholar in the Middle Ages

中世纪学者的知识观与心态

基本信息

批准号：
01450057
负责人：
HASHIGUCHI Tomosuke
金额：
$ 3.33万
依托单位：
Sophia University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
1989
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1989 至 1990
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

It was the aim of this research project to clarify the development and variety of the medieval conception of learning and of scholarship and to elucidate its foundations in the social background, the self-understanding and mentality of the medieval scholar. This study has been conducted for two years by an interdisciplinary group of researchers, representing the disciplines of philosophy, history and theology. First, the roots of the medieval concept of learning and of the division of sciences in ancient classical thought have been investigated : a) the Aristotelian concept of science, mediated to the middle ages through Boethius, b) the stoic division of sciences, known through Isidorus of Sevilla, c) the Augustinian theological concept of science and research. Against this background, then, the following conceptions and divisions of sciences have been studied under both philosophical ad socio-historical aspects : In the Carolingian Renaissance of the 9th century 1) Hrabanus Maurus' A … More ugustinian view of a theologycentered order of sciences, aimed at the formation of the clergy, 2) the Neoplatonic-speculative conception of knowledge in Johannes Scotus Eriugena and its ontological implications, In the Renaissance of the 12th century, 3) the concept of knowledge and its relation to intuition and meditation, as developed in the monastic theology especially of the Cistercian school, represented by Bernard of Clairvaux, 4) the integration of the technical, mechanical arts into the division of sciences by Hugo of Saint-Victor, 5) the influence of the Arabic comeption of the sciences in the divsion of the sciences as proposed by Dominicus Gundissalinus. As for the conception of knowledge in the high-scholasticism of the 13th century, the study focused on 6) the structure of the curriculum of the medieval university, 7) the holistic approach to the science in the theology of Bonaventure, relating it to his Franciscan background, 8) the epistemological Aristotelian concept of science in the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, in comparison to the structure of his Summa theologiae, 9) the mathematical-empirical-utilitaristic concept of scientific knowledge in the Franciscan school at Oxford, represented by Roger Bacon. In the late middle ages have been investigated 10) the combination of a rational and at the same time ethical understanding of scientific knowledge in Johannes Duns Scotus, 11) the nominalistic-voluntaristic approach in William Ockham and his school, 12) the emergence of new sciences (natural sciences - linguistic-mathematical sciences - economics - history) and their influence on the conception of science in general, 13) the new idea of scientific knowledge in the early Italian Renaissance, its contrast to the scholastic conception and its relation to literature, art and the formation of the human mind. Through this study, finally, the roots of the conception of sciences of early modern times, as well in its rationalistic as its empiritic stream, Less

本研究项目的目的是阐明中世纪学术和学术概念的发展和变化，并阐明其社会背景，中世纪学者的自我认识和心态的基础。这项研究由一个跨学科的研究小组进行了两年，他们代表了哲学、历史和神学的学科。首先，研究了中世纪的学习概念和古代古典思想中科学划分的根源：a)亚里士多德的科学概念，通过波伊提乌传播到中世纪，b)斯多葛学派的科学划分，通过塞维利亚的伊西多罗斯，c)奥古斯丁神学的科学和研究概念。在此背景下，以下概念和科学的划分已经从哲学和社会历史两个方面进行了研究：在9世纪卡洛林王朝的文艺复兴时期，1)赫拉巴努斯·毛鲁斯的“以神学为中心的科学秩序，旨在形成神职人员”，2)约翰内斯·司各特·埃留热那的新柏拉图主义思辨知识概念及其本体论含义，在12世纪的文艺复兴时期，3)知识概念及其与直觉和冥想的关系，在修道院神学，特别是西多会学校中发展起来，以Clairvaux的Bernard为代表，4)由Saint-Victor的Hugo将技术和机械艺术整合到科学划分中，5)Dominicus Gundissalinus提出的阿拉伯科学概念对科学划分的影响。至于13世纪高级经院哲学的知识概念，研究的重点是：6)中世纪大学的课程结构；7)博纳旺图尔神学中的整体科学方法，与他的方济各会背景有关；8)托马斯·阿奎那哲学中的亚里士多德认识论科学概念，与他的《神学大全》的结构相比较；9)以罗杰·培根为代表的牛津方济会学派的数学-经验-功利主义的科学知识概念。在中世纪后期调查10)理性的结合,同时道德对科学知识的理解约翰内斯·约翰·邓斯·司各脱11)nominalistic-voluntaristic方法在威廉·奥克汉和他的学校,12)新出现的科学(自然科学- linguistic-mathematical科学——经济学历史)及其影响科学的概念一般来说,13)科学知识的新想法在意大利文艺复兴早期,它与经院观念的对比以及它与文学、艺术和人类心灵形成的关系。通过本文的研究，最终了解了近代早期科学概念的根源，以及其理性主义与经验主义的渊源