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A Comparative Study on the Evacuation of School Children in Japan, United Kingdom, and Germany under the World War II.

二战时期日本、英国、德国学童疏散比较研究。

基本信息

批准号：
05451053
负责人：
SATO Hideo
金额：
$ 1.86万
依托单位：
Nihon University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
1993
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1993 至 1994
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-05451053/
关键词：
evacuation World War II air raid personal evacuation group evacuation 都市と農村との文化差 evacuation 児童観戦争と子ども教育史子ども史

项目摘要

This research was intended to make clear positively and comparatively the characteristics of evacuation of school children during the World War II,enforced in United Kingdom (1939-45), Germany (KLV,1940-45), and Japan (Gakudo Sokai, 1943-45).The coclusions we got through the study were as follows ;1.The evacuations were ones of the civil defense policies to gain the final victory over the enimies during the War. Therefore the reason why the national and local governments plannned to evacuate children of midtown areas into rural districts was to reserve the "future soldiers" and to avoid losing people's fighting spirits arised from the genocides of their children caused by air raids. Those were never planned only by "humanistic policies".2.The situation and figures of evacuation were different from countries, because of their different cultural and social factors.(1) United Kingdom : It had been already planned in the first half of 1930', so that it was most carefully operated with most democratic procedures. Many civil volunteers assisted the government officers in the works. Not few confusions had been caused by so often amendments of the plans. Many of the evacuees were able to reside temporarily at the rural private houses with their brothers or sisters. The evasuation had brought the cultural and social class distinctions of UK into the open. So it made a contribution to her social changes after the War II.(2) Germany : It had been planned only by Nazi Fuhler Division, and operated through the leaderships of Hitler Yugend as mass tarining.(3) Japan : Because it had been planned most late, it was operated without any complete preparations. Because of keeping up the family system personal evacuations were encouraged under their responsibilities. Since 1944 group evacuations of school scales were inevitable.

本研究的目的是从实证的角度比较分析二战期间英国（1939- 1945）、德国、德国、英国、英国、德国、英国、英国、（KLV，1940-45）和日本（Gakudo Sokai，1943-45）。1.撤侨是抗战时期为争取最后胜利而采取的民防政策之一。因此，国家和地方政府计划将市中心地区的儿童疏散到农村地区的原因是为了保留“未来的士兵”，并避免因空袭造成的儿童种族灭绝而失去人们的战斗精神。2.由于各国的文化和社会因素不同，疏散的情况和人数也不尽相同。(1)联合王国：它在1930年上半年就已经计划好了，所以它是最谨慎的，最民主的程序。许多民间志愿者协助政府官员进行这项工作。由于计划经常修改，引起了不少混乱。许多撤离者得以暂时住在农村的私人住宅里，与兄弟姐妹篇住在一起。这一事件使英国的文化和社会阶级差异公开化。因此，它为二战后的社会变革做出了贡献。(2)德国：只有纳粹的福勒师策划了这次行动，并在希特勒·尤根德的领导下进行了大规模的轰炸。(3)日本：因为计划得最晚，所以在没有任何完整准备的情况下就开始了。由于保持家庭制度，鼓励个人疏散，根据他们的责任。自1944年以来，学校规模的集体疏散是不可避免的。