Exposure of general Japanese population to cadmium and lead : A risk evaluation

20世纪90年代在日本的19个地点进行了全国范围的调查，作为20世纪80年代进行的先前研究的后续行动。共有467名妇女自愿进行血液采样，其中375名受试者还提供了24小时总食物重复样本。血镉（Cd-B）的几何平均值（GM）（1.98 ng/ml）低于80年代（3.58 ng/ml），食物镉（Cd-F）（30.0 μ g/d）也低于80年代（38.0 μ g/d）。1990年代，血铅（Pb-B）和食物铅（Pb-F）分别为23.2纳克/毫升和7.1微克/天，低于1980年代的数值（33.9纳克/毫升和32.2微克/天）。观察表明，减少镉和铅的负担一般日本人口。本文对378例妇女尿中α_1-微球蛋白（α_1-MG）、β_2-微球蛋白（β_2-MG）和视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）三种低分子量蛋白进行了检测。当受试者被分为三组时，（20.4微克/天），中等（35.0微克/天）和高（67.0 μ g/d），α-MG、β_2-MG、RBP无剂量依赖性升高，虽然Cd-B和Cd-U在高Cd-F下增加，但可以得出结论，没有明显的Cd-在日本的一般人群中可以检测到诱导的肾功能障碍。

A nation-wide survey was conducted in 1990s in 19 sites in Japan as a follow-up of a preceding study conducted in 1980s. Altogether 467 women volunteered for blood sampling, of whom 375 subjects offered 24-hour total food duplicate samples in addition. Geometric mean (GM) cadmium in blood (Cd-B) in 1990s (1.98 ng/ml) were lower than Cd-B in 1980s (3.58 ng/ml), and Cd in food duplicates (Cd-F) was also lower in 1990s (30.0 ug/day) than in 1980s (38.0 ug/day). Lead in blood (Pb-B) and food (Pb-F) were 23.2 ng/ml and 7.1 ug/day in 1990s, being lower than the values for 1980s (33.9 ng/ml) and 32.2 ug/day). The observation shows a reduced Cd and Pb burden among general Japanese population. In a subsequent study, three urinary low-molecular-weight proteins of alpha_1-microglobulin (alpha_1-MG), beta_2-microglobulin (beta_2-MG) and retinol binding protein (RBP) were studied in 378 women in addition to Cd-F,Cd-B and cadmium in urine (Cd-U). When the subjects were classified into three groups of low (20.4 ug/day), middle (35.0 ug/day) and high (67.0 ug/day) Cd-F levels, there was no dose-dependent increase in alpha_--MG,beta_2-MG or RBP,although Cd-B and Cd-U increased in response to higher Cd-F.Thus it is prudent to conclude that no apparent Cd-induced kidney dysfunction could be detected among the general populations in Japan.