MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF ORIGIN OF JAPANESE DOMESTIC DOGS BY ANCIENT DNA

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Sequences of ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from archaeological remains of Japanese dogs were determined from 145 ancient dog samples (mainly bones) from the Jomon, Yayoi, Kofun, Okhotsk and the kamakura Periods. Highly variable sequences of the mitochondrial control region (198bp) were amplified at least twice from independently prepared DNA extracts, and those from ancient samples were compared with * haplotypes from 178 modern dogs. The 198bp ancient mtDNA was amplified from 74 ancient dog samples, and the sequences were classified into 19 haplotypes comprising five modern haplotypes (M1, M2, M5, M10 and M11) identified in modern dogs. Three major clusters (CL1 to CL3) were distinguished within the modern dog control region using phylogenetic analysis; all ancient dogs belonged to the CL1 cluster. Origin of Hokkaido dogs was considered to be from southern dog population, but not from northern dog population. Ancient dogs in Okinawa Islands was derived from Eurasian continent through trade activity, and dogs in Gusuku Period had the same haplotypes to modern Ryukyu dog populations. The mtDNA from Japanese wolf was also determined, the genetical relationship among Japanese wolf, dogs and wolves were investigated. The phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA from Japanese wolf with those from dogs and wolves indicated that Japanese wolf genetically related to dogs and wolves from Eurasian continent.To reinforce the canine mtDNA database, 600bp of mtDNA D-loop region was amplified from 365 dogs and determined for mtDNA sequence. The diversity of the 600bp sequences was classified into 64 haplotypes, including 46 newly discovered haplotypes, and the haplotypes were grouped into four clusters I to IV.