BACTERIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC ASSESSMENT OF GAME MEAT FROM JAPANESE WILD ANIMALS

为了研究日本野生动物，特别是日本野猪（Sus scrofa leucomystax）、日本鹿和棕熊（Ursus arctos）的系统地理特征和种群结构，建立了线粒体DNA （mtDNA）单倍型和核糖磷酸酯异构酶加工假基因（gip）的遗传方法。细菌测试也用于评估日本野猪基因基因的细菌污染。1)日本野猪的系统地理特征：从本州岛、四国岛和九州岛13个地方种群的450个日本野猪标本的mtDNA控制区部分序列（574bp）中检测到18个日本野猪单倍型。日本野猪与东北亚蒙古野猪的亲缘关系比其他亚洲大陆野猪亲缘关系更近。2)猪与野猪杂交的区别：日本九州、四国和本州岛152头野猪的16个mtDNA单倍型与亚洲和欧洲家猪的mtDNA单倍型明显不同。GPIP的5个等位基因分为两组：(1)GPIP1、GPIP3和GPIP3a等位基因，(2)GPIP4和GPIP4a等位基因。为了从九州岛的60头野猪中区分出杂交猪Inobuta，进行了广泛的遗传调查。一些以日本野猪名义出售的野味被猪和野猪杂交或被家猪或欧洲野猪肉污染而掺假。3)细菌检测：通过好氧平板计数（APC）和大肠菌群计数检测，野猪肉的细菌污染程度低于家猪肉。日本鹿慢性消耗性疾病（CWD）监测：western blot分析130只鹿中未检出染病鹿。

To investigate the phylogeographic characteristics and population structure of Japanese wild animals, especially Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax), Japanese deer and brown bear (Ursus arctos), a genetic method by using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes and the nuclear glucosephosphate isomerase-processed pseudogene (GPIP) was developed. Bacterial tests were also used to assess bacterial contamination of geme geat from Japanese wild boars.1)Phylogeographic characteristics of Japanese wild boar : Eighteen Japanese wild boar haplotypes were detected from partial sequences of the mtDNA control region (574bp) from 450 Japanese wild boar specimens from 13 local populations on Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu islands. The Japanese wild boars were more closely related to Northeast Asian wild boar from Mongolia than to the other Asian continental S.scrofa.2)Distinguishing of pig-wild boar crossbred : Sixteen mtDNA haplotypes from 152 wild boars from Kyushu, Shikoku and Honshu Islands of Japan were distinct from the those from Asian and European domestic pigs. Five alleles of GPIP were classified into two groups : (1)alleles GPIP1,GPIP3 and GPIP3a, and (2)alleles GPIP4 and GPIP4a. An extensive genetic survey was done to distinguish the crossbred Inobuta from 60 wild boars from Kyushu Island. Some game meat sold as Japanese wild boar is adulterated by cross-breeding between pigs and wild boars or by contamination with meat from domestic pigs or European wild boars.3)Bacterial tests : The bacterial contamination of wild boar meat was less than that of domestic pork, as determined by aerobic plate counts (APC) and coliform counts. None of the meat examined in this study was contaminated by Salmonella and E.coh O157.4)Surveillance of chronic wasting disease(CWD) in Japanese deer : None affected deer was detected from 130 deer by western blot analysis.