A Fundamental Study of Philosophy of Language in Early Navay-nyaya

本项目有三个成果：（1）澄清了Navya-nyaya特征，（2）澄清了Navya-nyaya确定单词意义的原则，（3）对Gangesa的Tattvacintamani语言章节的动词后缀部分的开头部分进行了翻译和分析。关于第一项成就：本文在回顾前人对Navya-nyaya特征的主要研究的基础上，指出了其不足之处，并提出了一个新的研究视角功能：从“关系”的角度来解读Navya-nyaya的描述和分析。换句话说，Navya-nyaya从关系的角度描述了它的分析，并为这一任务发展了它的术语。这一特征可以追溯到11^世纪的乌达亚纳<th>。这一成就在本页后面的参考文献列表中给出的第一篇论文中介绍。关于第二个成就：我已经指出，在早期N中有七八种确定词义的方法 ...更多信息 当这些方法不适用时，Gengesa提出了将意义与普遍相联系的方法来确定意义，这是Navya-nyaya作者的真实的实体。如果分析者未能将意义与共相联系起来，那么这样的意义就被证明是不恰当的。后来的Navya-nyaya作者使用avacchedaka（定界者）的概念来检查意义是否与普遍性有关，这意味着Gangesa的方法幸存到现代。这一成就在后文参考文献列表中的第二篇论文中介绍。关于第三项成就：我把动词后缀部分的四分之一翻译成英文，并加上注释。这部分内容介绍了纳维雅尼亚耶对动词后缀的限定意义的一般看法，以及弥曼萨对它的反对。翻译的部分显示了甘格萨与乌达亚纳的Nyayakusumanjali的大量平行讨论。这一成就在后文参考文献列表中的第三篇论文中介绍。少

This project has three achievements : (1) Clarification of a Navya-nyaya feature, (2) Clarification of the Navya-nyaya principle of determining the meaning of words, and (3) a translation and analysis of the beginning part of the Verbal Suffix Section of the Language Chapter of Gangesa's Tattvacintamani. On the first achievement : Reviewing major preceding research of the Navya-nyaya feature, I have pointed out its shortcomings and have offered a new perspective in finding the feature : interpreting the Navya-nyaya description and analysis from a view point of "relation". In other words, Navya-nyaya describes its analysis in terms of relation and develops its terminology for this task. This feature can be traced back to Udayana in the 11^<th> century. This achievement is presented in the first paper given in the list of references on the back of this page. On the second achievement : I have pointed out that there are seven or eight methods of determining the meaning of words in early N … More avya-nyaya, and that when these methods do not hold good, Gengesa presents for the meaning determination the method of relating the meaning to a universal, which is a real entity for Navya-nyaya authors. If the analyzer fails in relating the meaning to a universal, such a meaning is proved inappropriate. Later Navya-nyaya authors employ the concept of avacchedaka (delimitor) to examine whether the meaning is related to a universal or not, which implies that Gangesa's method survives to the modern times. This achievement is presented in the second paper given in the list of the back references. On the third achievement : I have translated into English with annotation one fourth of the Verbal Suffix Section, which presents the general Navya-nyaya view of on the meaning of finite verbal suffixes and the Mimamsa objection to it. The translated portion shows to a great deal Gangesa's parallel discussion with that in Udayana's Nyayakusumanjali. This achievement is presented in the third paper given in the list of the back references. Less